Antenna Design for WLAN
#1

Presented By:
Chetna Chhangani
Dalveer Nath
Neemaram Patel
Niraj Kumbhat
Sayam Jain

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Antenna Design for WLAN
Abstract

Antenna is a vital component in wireless application systems. The microstrip antenna can be used for wireless applications as it has features such as light weight, easily mounted and it is easy to mass produce. Although there are many features that suits well for microstrip antenna to be deployed for wireless applications, there is a very serious limitation where it has a very narrow bandwidth. The typical bandwidth of the microstrip antennas is between 1 - 3%. If this limitation is eliminated, the microstrip antenna can be used to its full potential. An alternative bandwidth enhancement technique is studied and then proposed in order to broaden the bandwidth of the microstrip antenna. The wireless Application that is selected to be studied is the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) based on the IEEE 802.11b standard. This bandwidth very well covers the required WLAN band with an operating frequency of 2.4 GHz.
1. Introduction to Remote Sensing
Remote Sensing is the science and art of acquiring information (spectral, spatial, and temporal) about material objects, area, or phenomenon, without coming into physical contact with the objects, or area, or phenomenon under investigation. Without direct contact, some means of transferring information through space must be utilized. In remote sensing, information transfer is accomplished by use of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). EMR is a form of energy that reveals its presence by the observable effects it produces when it strikes the matter. EMR is considered to span the spectrum of wavelengths from 10-10 mm to cosmic rays up to 1010 mm, the broadcast wavelengths, which extend from 0.30-15 mm.
Types:-
In respect to the type of Energy Resources:
1. Passive Remote Sensing: Makes use of sensors that detect the reflected or emitted electro-magnetic radiation from natural sources.
2. Active remote Sensing: Makes use of sensors that detect reflected responses from objects that are irradiated from artificially-generated energy sources, such as radar.
In respect to Wavelength Regions:
1. Visible and Reflective Infrared Remote Sensing.
2. Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing.
3. Microwave Remote Sensing.
1.1 Bands Used in Remote Sensing
Emission of EMR (Electro-Magnetic Radiation) from gases is due to atoms and molecules in the gas. Atoms consist of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons, which have discrete energy states. Transition of electrons from one energy state to the other leads to emission of radiation at discrete wavelengths. The resulting spectrum is called line spectrum. Molecules possess rotational and vibration energy states, the transition between which leads to emission of radiation in a band spectrum. The wavelengths, which are emitted by atoms/molecules, are also the ones, which are absorbed by them. Emission from solids and liquids occurs when they are heated and results in a continuous spectrum. This is called thermal emission and it is an important source of EMR from the viewpoint of remote sensing.
The Electro-Magnetic Radiation (EMR), which is reflected or emitted from an object, is the usual source of Remote Sensing data. However, any medium, such as gravity or magnetic fields, can be used in remote sensing.
Remote Sensing Technology makes use of the wide range Electro-Magnetic Spectrum (EMS) from a very short wave "Gamma Ray" to a very long 'Radio Wave'.
Wavelength regions of electro-magnetic radiation have different names ranging from Gamma ray, X-ray, Ultraviolet (UV), visible light, Infrared (IR) to Radio Wave, in order from the shorter wavelengths.
The optical wavelength region, an important region for remote sensing applications, is further subdivided as follows:

Name Wavelength (µm)
 Optical wavelength 0.30-15.0
 Reflective 0.38-3.00
1. Portion Visible 0.38-0.72
2. Near IR 0.72-1.30
3. Middle IR 1.30-3.00
 Far IR (Thermal, Emissive) 7.00-15.0

Microwave region (1mm to 1m) is another portion of EM spectrum that is frequently used to gather valuable remote sensing information
1.3 Basic components of remote sensing satellite:-
The basic components of an ideal remote-sensing system are:
• A uniform energy source. This source will provide energy over all wavelengths, at a constant, known, high level of output, irrespective of time and place.
• A non-interfering atmosphere. This will be an atmosphere that will not modify the energy from the source in any manner, whether that energy is on its way to earth's surface or coming from it. Again, ideally this will hold irrespective of wavelength, time, place, and sensing altitude involved.
• A series of unique energy/matter interaction at the earth's surface. These interactions will generate reflected and/or emitted signals that are not only selective in respect to wavelengths, but also are known, invariant, and unique to each and every earth surface feature type and subtype of interest
• A super sensor. This will be a sensor, highly sensitive to all wavelengths, yielding spatially detailed data on the absolute brightness (or radiance) from a scene (a function of wavelength), throughout the spectrum. This super sensor will be simple and reliable, require, virtually no power or space, and be accurate and economical to operate.
• A real-time data handling system. In this system, the instant the radiance versus wavelength response over a terrain element is generated; it will be processed into an interpretable format and recognized as being unique to the particular terrain element from which it comes. This processing will be performed nearly instantaneously (real time), providing timely information. Because of the consistent nature of the energy/matter interactions, there will be no need for reference data in the analytical procedure. The derived data will provide insight into the physical-chemical-biological state of each feature of interest.
• Multiple data users. These people will have comprehensive knowledge of both their respective disciplines and of remote-sensing data acquisition and analysis techniques. The same set of data will become various forms of information for different users, because of their vast knowledge about the particular earth resources being used.
• Unfortunately, an ideal remote-sensing system, as described above, does not exist. Real remote-sensing systems fall short of the ideal at virtually every point in the sequence outlined.
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