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28-10-2017, 09:25 PM

Details on air pollution in Bengali pdf

jaseela123d · 06-11-2017, 12:45 PM

Air pollution occurs when harmful substances such as particles and biological molecules are introduced into the Earth's atmosphere. It can cause diseases, allergies or the death of humans; It can also cause damage to other living organisms, such as animals and food crops, and can damage the natural or built environment. Human activity and natural processes can generate air pollution. Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are among the worst two problems of toxic pollution in the world in The Worst Places Contaminated report of the World's Worst Institute 2008. According to the 2014 report of the World Health Organization , air pollution in 2012 caused the death of around 7 million people worldwide, an estimate roughly similar to that of the International Energy Agency.

Causes

Air pollution is probably one of the most serious environmental problems facing our civilization today. Very often, it is caused by human activities such as mining, construction, transport, industrial work, agriculture, smelting, etc. However, natural processes such as volcanic eruptions and forest fires can also pollute the air, but their occurrence is rare and usually have a local effect, unlike human activities that are ubiquitous causes of air pollution and contribute to global air pollution every day.

Effects of air pollution

"While we have made progress in the last 40 years improving air quality in the US Thanks to the Clean Air Act, climate change will make it difficult in the future to meet pollution standards, which are designed to protect health "says Kim Knowlton, principal scientist and deputy director of the NRDC Science Center.

Smog and soot

These two are the most frequent types of air pollution. Smog, or "ground-level ozone," as it is most often called, occurs when emissions from fossil fuel combustion react with sunlight. Soot, or "particulate matter", is made up of small particles of chemicals, dirt, smoke, dust or allergens, in the form of gas or solids, which are transported in the air. EPA's "Clean Air Clean Air Act" says: "In many parts of the United States, pollution has reduced the distance and clarity of what we see by 70 percent." The sources of smog and soot are similar. "Both come from cars and trucks, factories, power plants, incinerators, engines, anything that burns fossil fuels such as coal, gas or natural gas," says Walke. The smallest particles in suspension in soot, either in the form of gas or solids, are especially dangerous because they can penetrate the lungs and the bloodstream and worsen bronchitis, cause heart attacks and even accelerate death.

Smog can irritate the eyes and throat and also damage the lungs, especially people who work or exercise outdoors, children and the elderly. It's even worse for people who have asthma or allergies: these additional pollutants only intensify their symptoms and can trigger asthma attacks.

Hazardous air pollutants

These are deadly or have serious health risks, even in small amounts. Almost 200 are regulated by law; Some of the most common are mercury, lead, dioxins and benzene. "These are also emitted more frequently during the combustion of gas or coal, incineration or, in the case of benzene, which is found in gasoline," says Walke. Benzene, classified as a carcinogen by the EPA, can cause eye, skin and lung irritation in the short term and long-term blood disorders. Dioxins, most commonly found in food but also present in small amounts in the air, can affect the liver in the short term and damage the immune, nervous and endocrine systems, as well as reproductive functions. Lead in large quantities can damage the brain and kidneys of children, and even in small amounts can affect the IQ and learning ability of children. Mercury affects the central nervous system.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs, are toxic components of the exhaust gases of traffic and smoke from forest fires. In large quantities, they have been linked to eye and lung irritation, blood and liver problems and even cancer. In a recent study, the children of mothers who had had greater exposure to PAH during pregnancy had slower rates of brain processing and worse symptoms of ADHD.

Greenhouse gases

By trapping the heat of the earth in the atmosphere, greenhouse gases lead to warmer temperatures and all the characteristics of climate change: sea level rise, more extreme weather, heat-related deaths and increased transmission of heat. infectious diseases like Lyme. According to a 2014 EPA study, carbon dioxide was responsible for 81 percent of the country's total greenhouse gas emissions, and methane composed of 11 percent. "Carbon dioxide comes from the combustion of fossil fuels, and methane comes from natural and industrial sources, including the large amounts that are released during drilling of oil and gas," says Walke. "We emit much larger amounts of carbon dioxide, but methane is significantly more potent, so it's also very destructive." Another class of greenhouse gases, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), are thousands of times more powerful than carbon dioxide to trap heat. In October 2016, more than 140 countries reached an agreement to reduce the use of these chemicals, which are used in air conditioners and refrigerators, and find more environmentally friendly alternatives over time. David Doniger, director of NRDC's Climate and Clean Air program, writes: "NRDC estimates that the reduction in HFCs agreed will prevent the equivalent of more than 80 billion tons of CO2 over the next 35 years."

Pollen and mold

Mold and allergens from trees, weeds and grass are also transported to the air, exacerbated by climate change and can be dangerous to health. They are not regulated by the government and are less directly related to human actions, but can be considered air pollution. "When homes, schools or businesses are damaged by water, mold can grow and can produce allergenic contaminants in the air," says Knowlton. "Mold exposure can precipitate asthma attacks or an allergic response, and some molds can even produce toxins that would be dangerous for anyone who inhales."

Pollen allergies are getting worse due to climate change. "Laboratory and field studies are showing that the more carbon dioxide pollen-producing plants - especially ragweed - grows, the more they grow and the more pollen they produce," says Knowlton. "Climate change also extends the pollen production season, and some studies are beginning to suggest that ambrosia pollen could become a more potent allergen." That means more people will suffer from runny nose, fever, itchy eyes and other symptoms.

Reduce air pollution

"The less fuel we burn the better we are doing to reduce air pollution and the harmful effects of climate change," says Walke. "Make good transportation decisions When you can, walk, ride a bike, or take public transportation, choose cars that get better miles per gallon of gas or choose an electric car to drive." You can also research the options of your energy provider: you may be able to request that your electricity be supplied by wind or solar energy. Buying your food locally reduces fossil fuels burned in trucks or in food flying from all over the country. And perhaps the most important thing is "Support the leaders who drive clean air and water and the responsible steps on climate change," says Walke.

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