Advanced hydraulics viva questions and answers for vtu
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Send important and conceptual viva questions for advanced hydraulics as per cbcs pattern...... in 4th sem.......
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Question No. 01: What is the largest hydroelectric power plant in the world?

A: The Three Gorges project in China on the Yang-Yang River is the largest power plant in the world with an installed capacity of about 22,500 MW.

Question No. 02: Why are unit sizes of hydroelectric machines not standardized as in the case of thermal power plants?
Answer: Because the size of hydroelectric machines is based on the availability of water in the river and the head of water available at a particular project site, the size of the machines continues to vary from location to river and river. Sizes are also based on logistics and water variation in the river during the year.

Question No. 03: How many hydroelectric dams are there in the world?
Answer: The FERC regulates approximately 2,300 dams producing hydropower. In addition, there are approximately 240 federal dams that produce hydroelectric power. Thus, there are a total of approximately 2,540 hydroelectric dams.

Question No. 04: How does the cost of generating the hydroelectric plant compare with other sources of electricity?
Answer: Hydropower generation is a very capital intensive mode of electricity generation, but it is a source of renewable energy without consumables, there is very little recurring cost and, therefore, there is no long-term high expenditure. It is cheaper compared to electricity generated from coal and gas plants. It also reduces financial losses due to frequency fluctuations and is more reliable as it is free of inflation due to non-use of fossil fuels.

Question No. 05: How much of the total potential of hydroelectric power has been exploited so far in India?
Answer: Approximately 19.9% of the hydroelectric potential has been exploited in India.

Question No. 06: Why is hydroelectric power called a renewable energy source?
Answer: Hydroelectric power is called a renewable energy source because it uses and does not consume water.

Question No. 07: What are the different circuits of the Thermal Power Plant?
Answer: Some of the main circuits of the thermal power station are:
1. Coal and ash circuit
2. Air and gas circuit
3. Cooling water circuit
4. Water and steam supply circuit

Question No. 08: Why is the efficiency of thermal plants low?
Answer: Almost 50% of the heat generated is lost in the condenser as heat rejection. It is inevitable, since without the rejection of heat it is not possible to convert thermal energy into mechanical energy and drive the turbine without falling temperature. Therefore, most of the loss takes place in the condenser. Thus, the efficiency of the thermal power station is between 30-35%.

Question No. 09: What is the oldest hydroelectric plant in India?
Answer: The oldest hydroelectric plant is located in the Darjeeling District in West Bengal. It has an installed capacity of 130 KW and was commissioned in the year 1897.

Question No. 10: What are the main reasons for balancing the hydrothermal mixture?
Answer: The seasonal load curves of our regional networks coincide with the pattern of hydropower generation. During the summer / monsoon season, when hydroelectric power generation is high, the system load factor is high because of the heavy agricultural load. During the winter, the thermal stations operating at the loading base and the hydroelectric stations working as peak load stations will handle the meteorological loads. Thus, the operational needs of hydroelectric plants are complementary and the balanced mix helps to optimize utilization of capacity.

Question No. 11: How is electricity generated from water?
Answer: Hydroelectric power plants capture the energy from the water fall to generate electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of the water fall into mechanical energy. A generator then converts the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy.

Question No. 12: In what cycle does the power station operate?

Answer: The thermal power plant works on the principle of the Rankine cycle

Question No. 13: Advantages and disadvantages of thermal power plants?
Answer: The advantages and disadvantages of thermal power plants are:
Advantages: Thermal power plants can be operated near the load centers, unlike hydroelectric and nuclear power plants
• Requires less space compared to hydroelectric plants and the construction cost is lower
• Operating or operating costs are lower compared to diesel or gas plants
• Can handle over load for a certain period of time
Disadvantages: It emits greenhouse gases and causes pollution. Coal and ash management require large area. The efficiency is low.

Question No. 14: What are the different types of Hydrographic Schemes?
Answer: The different types of Hydro Schemes are:
1. Power station purely from the River of Rio.
2. Type of storage Power station.
3. Run-of-River Stations with Pondage.

Question No. 15: What is a hydroelectric power?
Answer: Hydropower is the term that refers to electricity generated by hydroelectric energy; The production of electric energy by using the gravitational force of the fall or the flow of water.

Question No. 16: Why are hydroelectric plants the preferred solution for meeting peak loads in networks?
Answer: Because of their unique ability to start and stop hydroelectric machines quickly, hydroelectric stations prove to be the economical option to meet the maximum load on the grid.

Question No. 17: What is the classification of Hydroelectric Projects based on Installed Capacity and Applicability?
Answer: The Capacity and Applicability of Hydroelectric Projects are as follows:
Large:> 100 MW = Large urban centers
Average: 10 - 100 MW = Average urban population
Small: 1 - 10MW = Small communities with the possibility of supplying electricity to the regional network.
Mini: 100 kW - 1 MW = Small factories or isolated communities.
Micro: 5 - 100kW = Small isolated communities.
Peak: <5 kW = 1-2 houses.

Question No. 18: Why is the generation voltage at the thermal power station between 11 kV and 33 kV?
Answer: The cross section of the conductor carrying the current depends on the magnitude of the current it carries and the conductor insulation resistance depends on the maximum voltage it can withstand. Therefore, while designing the generator, an optimum value is chosen between the amount of current and the voltage conductor can be supported.

Question No. 19: What are the advantages of hydroelectricity?
Answer: The advantages of the hydroelectric are:
1. A renewable source of energy - saves scarce fuel reserves.
2. Non-polluting and therefore environment-friendly.
3. Long life - India's first hydroelectric project completed in 1897 is still operating in Darjeeling.
4. The cost of generation, operation and maintenance is lower than that of other energy sources.
5. The ability to initiate and stop the rapid and instantaneous acceptance / rejection of the load makes it suitable to meet the maximum demand and to improve the reliability and stability of the system.
6. It has higher efficiency (more than 90%) compared to thermal (35%) and gas (about 50%).
7. The generation cost is free of inflationary effects after the initial installation.
8. Hydraulic systems based on storage often offer benefits of irrigation, flood control, drinking water supply, navigation, recreation, tourism, etc.
9. Being located in remote regions leads to the development of backward interior areas (education, medical, road, telecommunications, etc.)

Question No. 20: How can you improve the efficiency of the Thermal Power Plant?
Answer: Some of the methods by which the efficiency of the thermal plant can be improved are:
1. By increasing the temperature and pressure of the steam entering the turbine
2. By reducing the pressure in the condenser
3. By reheating the steam between different stages between the turbine.
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