13-04-2011, 05:19 PM
Well, Fourth generation wireless system is a packet switched wireless system with wide area coverage and high throughput. It is designed to be cost effective and to provide high spectral efficiency .
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4G Wireless Systems Full Seminar Report Download
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18-04-2011, 11:01 AM
Presented By:
Srikant Raut
[attachment=12279]
4G
What is 4G?
• 4G is a IP-based heterogeneous network
• It allows users to access data independently from an in-use device and will be secure and reliable, allowing for use of the best connection in the immediate vicinity
• It provides seamless roaming
• Requirements:
• A view on 4G
LTE
• LTE, or Long Term Evolution, is a standard used in 4G
• LTE is a new radio access technology (called E-UTRAN) which uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) on the downlink and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) on the uplink
• LTE is part of the GSM evolutionary path beyond 3G, following EDGE, UMTS/WCDMA, and HSPA (HSDPA and HSUPA combined)
• LTE assumes a full Internet Protocol (IP) network architecture and is designed to support voice in the packet domain
▫ Domain of 4G extends beyond 1G, 2G, and 3G
> 2 Mbps in a wide-area mobile system (> 20 Mbps peak)
▫ Could coexist with 2G and 3G
▫ 4G is not necessarily defined by the bit rate, but by a significant advance in system capability beyond what can be achieved with 3G
Security in 4G
• 4G Architecture Implications on Security:
▫ Flat architecture: RAN protocols terminate in eNB
▫ Interworking with legacy and non-3GPP networks
▫ Allowing eNB placement in un-trusted locations
▫ New business environments with less trusted networks involved
▫ Trying to keep security breaches as local as possible
• Security Architecture Necessities:
▫ Extended Authentication and Key Agreement
▫ More complex key hierarchy
▫ More complex interworking security
▫ Additional security for eNB(compared to NB/BTS/RNC)
• Possible Threats that are avoided
▫ Spoofing
▫ Eavesdropping
▫ Phishing
▫ SIP registration hijacking
ARCHITECTURE
• Security Architecture in 4G
• 4G System Research Areas
• 4G Air Interface Characteristics
o Higher bit rates than 3G (20 Mbps < peak < 200 Mbps)
o Higher spectral efficiency and lower cost per bit than 3G.
o Smaller cells, on average, than 3G.
o Higher frequency band than 3G.
Final words
• Appendix : Cellular Standards
Conclusion
Security development has no ending; new threats and attacks shall rise as the standards and technologies get realized.
Srikant Raut
[attachment=12279]
4G
What is 4G?
• 4G is a IP-based heterogeneous network
• It allows users to access data independently from an in-use device and will be secure and reliable, allowing for use of the best connection in the immediate vicinity
• It provides seamless roaming
• Requirements:
• A view on 4G
LTE
• LTE, or Long Term Evolution, is a standard used in 4G
• LTE is a new radio access technology (called E-UTRAN) which uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) on the downlink and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) on the uplink
• LTE is part of the GSM evolutionary path beyond 3G, following EDGE, UMTS/WCDMA, and HSPA (HSDPA and HSUPA combined)
• LTE assumes a full Internet Protocol (IP) network architecture and is designed to support voice in the packet domain
▫ Domain of 4G extends beyond 1G, 2G, and 3G
> 2 Mbps in a wide-area mobile system (> 20 Mbps peak)
▫ Could coexist with 2G and 3G
▫ 4G is not necessarily defined by the bit rate, but by a significant advance in system capability beyond what can be achieved with 3G
Security in 4G
• 4G Architecture Implications on Security:
▫ Flat architecture: RAN protocols terminate in eNB
▫ Interworking with legacy and non-3GPP networks
▫ Allowing eNB placement in un-trusted locations
▫ New business environments with less trusted networks involved
▫ Trying to keep security breaches as local as possible
• Security Architecture Necessities:
▫ Extended Authentication and Key Agreement
▫ More complex key hierarchy
▫ More complex interworking security
▫ Additional security for eNB(compared to NB/BTS/RNC)
• Possible Threats that are avoided
▫ Spoofing
▫ Eavesdropping
▫ Phishing
▫ SIP registration hijacking
ARCHITECTURE
• Security Architecture in 4G
• 4G System Research Areas
• 4G Air Interface Characteristics
o Higher bit rates than 3G (20 Mbps < peak < 200 Mbps)
o Higher spectral efficiency and lower cost per bit than 3G.
o Smaller cells, on average, than 3G.
o Higher frequency band than 3G.
Final words
• Appendix : Cellular Standards
Conclusion
Security development has no ending; new threats and attacks shall rise as the standards and technologies get realized.
30-04-2011, 01:49 PM
PREPARED BY
PRAHALLAD BADAPANDA
[attachment=13132]
4G Definition
Evolution of Data Standards
The radio telephone system preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology (1G).
The radio telephone system contained one central antenna tower per region. The central antenna required radio phones to have a powerful transmitter, capable of transmitting up to 50 miles. The number of radio telephones per region was limited by the number of available channels.
Unlike closed radio systems, radio telephones were connected to the public telephone network and were typically mounted in cars, trucks, and briefcases.
Evolution of Data Standards
The 1G cellular telephone system divided cities into small cells. This division allowed extensive frequency reuse across a city, allowing millions to use cell phones simultaneously.
1G cell phone technology encompassed analog standards introduced in the 1980s and continued until replaced by 2G digital cell phones.
Evolution of Data Standards
Second Generation Cellular Communication (2G) 2G digital technologies can be divided into two standards: TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) - GSM: Originally from Europe but used worldwide - iDEN: Proprietary network used by Nextel in the US - PDC: Used exclusively in Japan CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) - IS-95: Commonly referred to as CDMA and used in the Americas and parts of Asia
Evolution of Data Standards
Third Generation Cellular Communication (3G) 3G networks provide the ability to transfer voice data and non-voice data (music downloads, emails and instant messaging) over the same network simultaneously.
3G networks deliver broadband capacity and support greater numbers of voice and data customers at lower incremental costs than 2G.
Standards: - W-CDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
- EVDO: Evolution-Data Optimized
3G vs. 4G
Less Complexity, Faster Transmission
Unlike the 3G networks which are a combination of circuit switched and packet switched networks, 4G will be based on packet switching only. This will allow low-latency data transmission.
3G vs. 4G
4G Possibilities
Enhanced Mobile Gaming
4G Possibilities
4G Possibilities
Virtual Presence Use hologram-generating virtual reality programs that provide an artificial presence just about anywhere. For example, decide if you want to personally respond when someone rings your front door while you are away from home.
4G Possibilities
Broadband Access in Remote Locations 4G networks will provide a wireless alternative for broadband access to residential and business customers. In addition, 4G will provide the first opportunity for broadband access in remote locations without an infrastructure to support cable or DSL access.
WiMAX
World Interoperability for Microwave Access
There are two main applications of WiMAX:
Fixed WiMAX (IEEE 802.16-2004) - Fixed WiMAX applications are point-to-multipoint enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL for homes and businesses.
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) - Mobile WiMAX offers the full mobility of cellular networks at true broadband speeds.
PRAHALLAD BADAPANDA
[attachment=13132]
4G Definition
Evolution of Data Standards
The radio telephone system preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology (1G).
The radio telephone system contained one central antenna tower per region. The central antenna required radio phones to have a powerful transmitter, capable of transmitting up to 50 miles. The number of radio telephones per region was limited by the number of available channels.
Unlike closed radio systems, radio telephones were connected to the public telephone network and were typically mounted in cars, trucks, and briefcases.
Evolution of Data Standards
The 1G cellular telephone system divided cities into small cells. This division allowed extensive frequency reuse across a city, allowing millions to use cell phones simultaneously.
1G cell phone technology encompassed analog standards introduced in the 1980s and continued until replaced by 2G digital cell phones.
Evolution of Data Standards
Second Generation Cellular Communication (2G) 2G digital technologies can be divided into two standards: TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) - GSM: Originally from Europe but used worldwide - iDEN: Proprietary network used by Nextel in the US - PDC: Used exclusively in Japan CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) - IS-95: Commonly referred to as CDMA and used in the Americas and parts of Asia
Evolution of Data Standards
Third Generation Cellular Communication (3G) 3G networks provide the ability to transfer voice data and non-voice data (music downloads, emails and instant messaging) over the same network simultaneously.
3G networks deliver broadband capacity and support greater numbers of voice and data customers at lower incremental costs than 2G.
Standards: - W-CDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
- EVDO: Evolution-Data Optimized
3G vs. 4G
Less Complexity, Faster Transmission
Unlike the 3G networks which are a combination of circuit switched and packet switched networks, 4G will be based on packet switching only. This will allow low-latency data transmission.
3G vs. 4G
4G Possibilities
Enhanced Mobile Gaming
4G Possibilities
4G Possibilities
Virtual Presence Use hologram-generating virtual reality programs that provide an artificial presence just about anywhere. For example, decide if you want to personally respond when someone rings your front door while you are away from home.
4G Possibilities
Broadband Access in Remote Locations 4G networks will provide a wireless alternative for broadband access to residential and business customers. In addition, 4G will provide the first opportunity for broadband access in remote locations without an infrastructure to support cable or DSL access.
WiMAX
World Interoperability for Microwave Access
There are two main applications of WiMAX:
Fixed WiMAX (IEEE 802.16-2004) - Fixed WiMAX applications are point-to-multipoint enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL for homes and businesses.
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) - Mobile WiMAX offers the full mobility of cellular networks at true broadband speeds.
02-05-2011, 10:10 AM
Submitted By:
Gaurav Bajaj
[attachment=13189]
INTRODUCTION
4G (also known as Beyond 3G), an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications. A 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given trousers on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than previous generations.
The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video to high-data-rate wireless channels. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe
4G is MAGIC-Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated-wireless solution, and customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. Researchers and vendors are expressing a growing interest in 4G wireless networks that support global roaming across multiple wireless and mobile networks—for example, from a
cellular network to a satellite-based network to a high-bandwidth wireless LAN. With this feature, users will have access to different services, increased coverage, the convenience of a single device, one bill with reduced total access cost, and more reliable wireless access even with the failure or loss of one or more networks. 4G networks will also feature IP interoperability for seamless mobile Internet access and bit rates of 50 Mbps or more.
2. HISTORY
At the end of the 1940’s, the first radio telephone service was introduced, and was designed to users in cars to the public land-line based telephone network. Then, in the sixties, a system launched by Bell Systems, called IMTS, or, “Improve d Mobile Telephone Service", brought quite a few improvements such as direct dialing and more bandwidth. The very first analog systems were based upon IMTS and were created in the late 60s and early 70s. The systems were called "cellular" because large coverage areas were split into smaller areas or "cells", each cell is served by a low power transmitter and receiver. The 1G or First Generation was an analog system, and was developed in the seventies, 1G had two major improvements, this was the invention of the microprocessor, and the digital transform of the control page link between the phone and the cell site. Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by the US and is a 1G mobile system. Based on FDMA, it allows users to make voice calls in 1 country.
2G, or Second Generation
2G first appeared around the end of the 1980’s, the 2G system digitized the voice signal, as well as the control link. This new digital system gave a lot better quality and much more capacity (i.e. more people could use their phones at the same time), all at a lower cost to the end consumer. Based on TDMA, the first commercial network for use by the public was the Global system for mobile communication (GSM).
3G, or Third Generation
3G systems promise faster communications services, entailing voice, fax and Internet data transfer capabilities, the aim of 3G are to provide these services anytime, anywhere throughout the globe, with seamless roaming between standards. ITU’s IMT-2000 is a global standard for 3G and has opened new doors to enabling innovative services and application for instance, multimedia entertainment, and location-based services, as well as a whole lot more .In 2001,Japan saw the first 3G network launched. 3G technology supports around 144 Kbps, with high speed movement, i.e. in a vehicle. 384Kbps locally, and upto 2Mbps for fixed stations, i.e. in a building.
3. What is 4G?
Fourth generation (4G) wireless was originally conceived by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the same organization that developed the wired Internet. It is not surprising, then, that DARPA chose the same distributed architecture for the wireless Internet that had proven so successful in the wired Internet. Although experts and policymakers have yet to agree on all the aspects of 4G wireless, two characteristics have emerged as all but certain components of 4G: end-to-end Internet Protocol (IP), and peer-to-peer networking. An all IP network makes sense because consumers will want to use the same data applications they are used to in wired networks. A peer-to-peer network, where every device is both a transceiver and a router/repeater for other devices in the network, eliminates this spoke-and-hub weakness of cellular architectures, because the elimination of a single node does not disable the network. The final definition of “4G” will have to include something as simple as this: if a consumer can do it at home or in the office while wired to the Internet, that consumer must be able to do it wirelessly in a fully mobile environment.
Let’s define “4G” as “wireless ad hoc peer-to-peer networking.” 4G technology is significant because users joining the network add mobile routers to the network infrastructure. Because users carry much of the network with them, network capacity and coverage is dynamically shifted to accommodate changing user patterns. As people congregate and create pockets of high demand, they also create additional routes for each other, thus enabling additional access to network capacity. Users will automatically hop away from congested routes to less congested routes. This permits the network to dynamically and automatically self-balance capacity, and increase network utilization. What may not be obvious is that when user devices act as routers, these devices are actually part of the network infrastructure. So instead of carriers subsidizing the cost of user devices (e.g., handsets, PDAs, of laptop computers), consumers actually subsidize and help deploy the network for the carrier. With a cellular infrastructure, users contribute nothing to the network. They are just consumers competing for resources. But in wireless ad hoc peer-to-peer networks, users cooperate – rather than compete – for network resources.
Thus, as the service gains popularity and the number of user increases, service likewise improves for all users. And there is also the 80/20 rule. With traditional wireless networks, about 80% of the cost is for site acquisition and installation, and just 20% is for the technology. Rising land and labor costs means installation costs tend to rise over time, subjecting the service providers’ business models to some challenging issues in the out years. With wireless peer-to-peer networking, however, about 80% of the cost is the technology and only 20% is the installation. Because technology costs tend to decline over time, a current viable business model should only become more profitable over time. The devices will get cheaper, and service providers will reach economies of scale sooner because they will be able to pass on the infrastructure savings to consumers, which will further increase the rate of penetration. This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and replace the 3G systems, perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures. The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because they will be able to choose every application and environment. Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems and networks. The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies. Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to users. These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal preference of different users and support the users' traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service. Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, high-speed information services, and entertainment broadcast services. Figure 1 illustrates elements and techniques to support the adaptability of the 4G domain. The fourth generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public to private; operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks. The 4G systems will interoperate
networks, public to private; operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks. The 4G systems will interoperate With 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital(broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IP-based wireless Internet. This all-encompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems that the fourth generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (wireless local loop) and FWA(fixed wireless access) to WLAN (wireless local area network) and PAN (personal area network), all with IP as the integrating mechanism. With 4G, a range of new services and models will be available. These services and models need to be further examined for their interface with the design of 4G systems.
Gaurav Bajaj
[attachment=13189]
INTRODUCTION
4G (also known as Beyond 3G), an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications. A 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given trousers on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than previous generations.
The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video to high-data-rate wireless channels. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe
4G is MAGIC-Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated-wireless solution, and customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. Researchers and vendors are expressing a growing interest in 4G wireless networks that support global roaming across multiple wireless and mobile networks—for example, from a
cellular network to a satellite-based network to a high-bandwidth wireless LAN. With this feature, users will have access to different services, increased coverage, the convenience of a single device, one bill with reduced total access cost, and more reliable wireless access even with the failure or loss of one or more networks. 4G networks will also feature IP interoperability for seamless mobile Internet access and bit rates of 50 Mbps or more.
2. HISTORY
At the end of the 1940’s, the first radio telephone service was introduced, and was designed to users in cars to the public land-line based telephone network. Then, in the sixties, a system launched by Bell Systems, called IMTS, or, “Improve d Mobile Telephone Service", brought quite a few improvements such as direct dialing and more bandwidth. The very first analog systems were based upon IMTS and were created in the late 60s and early 70s. The systems were called "cellular" because large coverage areas were split into smaller areas or "cells", each cell is served by a low power transmitter and receiver. The 1G or First Generation was an analog system, and was developed in the seventies, 1G had two major improvements, this was the invention of the microprocessor, and the digital transform of the control page link between the phone and the cell site. Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by the US and is a 1G mobile system. Based on FDMA, it allows users to make voice calls in 1 country.
2G, or Second Generation
2G first appeared around the end of the 1980’s, the 2G system digitized the voice signal, as well as the control link. This new digital system gave a lot better quality and much more capacity (i.e. more people could use their phones at the same time), all at a lower cost to the end consumer. Based on TDMA, the first commercial network for use by the public was the Global system for mobile communication (GSM).
3G, or Third Generation
3G systems promise faster communications services, entailing voice, fax and Internet data transfer capabilities, the aim of 3G are to provide these services anytime, anywhere throughout the globe, with seamless roaming between standards. ITU’s IMT-2000 is a global standard for 3G and has opened new doors to enabling innovative services and application for instance, multimedia entertainment, and location-based services, as well as a whole lot more .In 2001,Japan saw the first 3G network launched. 3G technology supports around 144 Kbps, with high speed movement, i.e. in a vehicle. 384Kbps locally, and upto 2Mbps for fixed stations, i.e. in a building.
3. What is 4G?
Fourth generation (4G) wireless was originally conceived by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the same organization that developed the wired Internet. It is not surprising, then, that DARPA chose the same distributed architecture for the wireless Internet that had proven so successful in the wired Internet. Although experts and policymakers have yet to agree on all the aspects of 4G wireless, two characteristics have emerged as all but certain components of 4G: end-to-end Internet Protocol (IP), and peer-to-peer networking. An all IP network makes sense because consumers will want to use the same data applications they are used to in wired networks. A peer-to-peer network, where every device is both a transceiver and a router/repeater for other devices in the network, eliminates this spoke-and-hub weakness of cellular architectures, because the elimination of a single node does not disable the network. The final definition of “4G” will have to include something as simple as this: if a consumer can do it at home or in the office while wired to the Internet, that consumer must be able to do it wirelessly in a fully mobile environment.
Let’s define “4G” as “wireless ad hoc peer-to-peer networking.” 4G technology is significant because users joining the network add mobile routers to the network infrastructure. Because users carry much of the network with them, network capacity and coverage is dynamically shifted to accommodate changing user patterns. As people congregate and create pockets of high demand, they also create additional routes for each other, thus enabling additional access to network capacity. Users will automatically hop away from congested routes to less congested routes. This permits the network to dynamically and automatically self-balance capacity, and increase network utilization. What may not be obvious is that when user devices act as routers, these devices are actually part of the network infrastructure. So instead of carriers subsidizing the cost of user devices (e.g., handsets, PDAs, of laptop computers), consumers actually subsidize and help deploy the network for the carrier. With a cellular infrastructure, users contribute nothing to the network. They are just consumers competing for resources. But in wireless ad hoc peer-to-peer networks, users cooperate – rather than compete – for network resources.
Thus, as the service gains popularity and the number of user increases, service likewise improves for all users. And there is also the 80/20 rule. With traditional wireless networks, about 80% of the cost is for site acquisition and installation, and just 20% is for the technology. Rising land and labor costs means installation costs tend to rise over time, subjecting the service providers’ business models to some challenging issues in the out years. With wireless peer-to-peer networking, however, about 80% of the cost is the technology and only 20% is the installation. Because technology costs tend to decline over time, a current viable business model should only become more profitable over time. The devices will get cheaper, and service providers will reach economies of scale sooner because they will be able to pass on the infrastructure savings to consumers, which will further increase the rate of penetration. This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and replace the 3G systems, perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures. The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because they will be able to choose every application and environment. Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems and networks. The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies. Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to users. These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal preference of different users and support the users' traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service. Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, high-speed information services, and entertainment broadcast services. Figure 1 illustrates elements and techniques to support the adaptability of the 4G domain. The fourth generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public to private; operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks. The 4G systems will interoperate
networks, public to private; operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks. The 4G systems will interoperate With 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital(broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IP-based wireless Internet. This all-encompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems that the fourth generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (wireless local loop) and FWA(fixed wireless access) to WLAN (wireless local area network) and PAN (personal area network), all with IP as the integrating mechanism. With 4G, a range of new services and models will be available. These services and models need to be further examined for their interface with the design of 4G systems.
06-05-2011, 08:56 PM
[/quote]
prakashkumarmajhi[at]gmail.com" class="mycode_email
27-05-2011, 02:02 PM
this is very helpful for preparing my seminar report. thank you
01-06-2011, 04:46 PM
I like your seminar report on 4G Wireless Systems. It is fantastic and very informative. Please send me full report......
01-06-2011, 07:38 PM
i like ur report i would love if you can send the full report.....
06-06-2011, 04:13 PM
can i get the full seminar report on 4g wireless system
hai dis is nav.did u recieve whole information..miss .navya reddy .MALLAPURAM garu
22-07-2011, 08:19 AM
Hi,
these threads have the report document. you can download it from there:
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22-07-2011, 10:00 AM
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26-07-2011, 07:23 PM
pls send me full seminar report of 4g wireless systems..
27-07-2011, 09:50 AM
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05-08-2011, 10:19 AM
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10-08-2011, 11:47 AM
[attachment=15130]
ABSTRACT
Third-generation (3G) mobile networks face a new rival: so-called 4G. And, astonishingly, the new networks may even be profitable. Alvin Toffler, an eminent futurologist, once said, “THE FUTURE ALWAYS COMES TOO FAST, BUT IN THE WRONG ORDER”. The state of wireless telecoms is a classic example. Even as 3G mobile networks are being switched on around the world, a couple of years later than planned, attention is shifting to what comes next: a group of newer technologies that are, inevitably, being called Fourth Generation Mobile Networks (4G). 4G is all about an integrated, global network that's based on an open systems approach.
The goal of 4G is to replace the current proliferation of core cellular networks with a single worldwide cellular core network standard based on IP for control, video, packet data, and VoIP. This integrated 4Gmobile system provides wireless users an affordable broadband mobile access solutions for the applications of secured wireless mobile Internet services with value-added QoS. This paper gives the reasons for the evolution of 4G, though 3G has not deployed completely. And then gives the information on the structure of the transceiver for 4G followed by the modulation techniques needed for the 4G. Later this gives the information about the 4G Processing .Finally concludes with futuristic views for the quick emergence of this emerging technology.
INTRODUCTION
While 3G hasn't quite arrived, designers are already thinking about 4G technology. With it comes challenging RF and baseband design headaches. Cellular service providers are slowly beginning to deploy third-generation (3G) cellular services. As access technology increases, voice, video, multimedia, and broadband data services are becoming integrated into the same network. The hope once envisioned for 3G as a true broadband service has all but dwindled away. It is apparent that 3G systems, while maintaining the possible 2-Mbps data rate in the standard, will realistically achieve 384-kbps rates. To achieve the goals of true broadband cellular service, the systems have to make the leap to a fourth-generation (4G) network.
This is not merely a numbers game. 4G is intended to provide high speed, high capacity, low cost per bit, IP based services. The goal is to have data rates up to 20 Mbps, even when used in such scenarios as a vehicle traveling 200 kilometers per hour. The move to 4G is complicated by attempts to standardize on a single 3G protocol. Without a single standard on which to build, designers face significant additional challenges.
What is 4G?
4G takes on a number of equally true definitions, depending on who you are talking to. In simplest terms, 4G is the next generation of wireless networks that will replace 3G networks sometimes in future. In another context, 4G is simply an initiative by academic R&D labs to move beyond the limitations and problems of 3G which is having trouble getting deployed and meeting its promised performance and throughput. In reality, as of first half of 2002, 4G is a conceptual framework for or a discussion point to address future needs of a universal high speed wireless network that will interface with wire line backbone network seamlessly.
Motivation for 4G Research Before 3G Has Not Been Deployed?
• 3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high-performance applications like multi-media, full-motion video, wireless teleconferencing. We need a network technology that extends 3G capacity by an order of magnitude.
• There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam and interoperate across networks. we need global mobility and service portability
• 3G is based on primarily a wide-area concept. We need hybrid networks that utilize both wireless LAN (hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide area network design.
• We need wider bandwidth
• Researchers have come up with spectrally more efficient modulation schemes that can not be retrofitted into 3G infrastructure
• We need all digital packet networks that utilize IP in its fullest form with converged voice and data capability.
ABSTRACT
Third-generation (3G) mobile networks face a new rival: so-called 4G. And, astonishingly, the new networks may even be profitable. Alvin Toffler, an eminent futurologist, once said, “THE FUTURE ALWAYS COMES TOO FAST, BUT IN THE WRONG ORDER”. The state of wireless telecoms is a classic example. Even as 3G mobile networks are being switched on around the world, a couple of years later than planned, attention is shifting to what comes next: a group of newer technologies that are, inevitably, being called Fourth Generation Mobile Networks (4G). 4G is all about an integrated, global network that's based on an open systems approach.
The goal of 4G is to replace the current proliferation of core cellular networks with a single worldwide cellular core network standard based on IP for control, video, packet data, and VoIP. This integrated 4Gmobile system provides wireless users an affordable broadband mobile access solutions for the applications of secured wireless mobile Internet services with value-added QoS. This paper gives the reasons for the evolution of 4G, though 3G has not deployed completely. And then gives the information on the structure of the transceiver for 4G followed by the modulation techniques needed for the 4G. Later this gives the information about the 4G Processing .Finally concludes with futuristic views for the quick emergence of this emerging technology.
INTRODUCTION
While 3G hasn't quite arrived, designers are already thinking about 4G technology. With it comes challenging RF and baseband design headaches. Cellular service providers are slowly beginning to deploy third-generation (3G) cellular services. As access technology increases, voice, video, multimedia, and broadband data services are becoming integrated into the same network. The hope once envisioned for 3G as a true broadband service has all but dwindled away. It is apparent that 3G systems, while maintaining the possible 2-Mbps data rate in the standard, will realistically achieve 384-kbps rates. To achieve the goals of true broadband cellular service, the systems have to make the leap to a fourth-generation (4G) network.
This is not merely a numbers game. 4G is intended to provide high speed, high capacity, low cost per bit, IP based services. The goal is to have data rates up to 20 Mbps, even when used in such scenarios as a vehicle traveling 200 kilometers per hour. The move to 4G is complicated by attempts to standardize on a single 3G protocol. Without a single standard on which to build, designers face significant additional challenges.
What is 4G?
4G takes on a number of equally true definitions, depending on who you are talking to. In simplest terms, 4G is the next generation of wireless networks that will replace 3G networks sometimes in future. In another context, 4G is simply an initiative by academic R&D labs to move beyond the limitations and problems of 3G which is having trouble getting deployed and meeting its promised performance and throughput. In reality, as of first half of 2002, 4G is a conceptual framework for or a discussion point to address future needs of a universal high speed wireless network that will interface with wire line backbone network seamlessly.
Motivation for 4G Research Before 3G Has Not Been Deployed?
• 3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high-performance applications like multi-media, full-motion video, wireless teleconferencing. We need a network technology that extends 3G capacity by an order of magnitude.
• There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam and interoperate across networks. we need global mobility and service portability
• 3G is based on primarily a wide-area concept. We need hybrid networks that utilize both wireless LAN (hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide area network design.
• We need wider bandwidth
• Researchers have come up with spectrally more efficient modulation schemes that can not be retrofitted into 3G infrastructure
• We need all digital packet networks that utilize IP in its fullest form with converged voice and data capability.
10-08-2011, 12:29 PM
[attachment=15139]
1. What is 4G :
4G takes on a number of equally true definitions, depending on who you are talking to. In simplest terms, 4G is the next generation of wireless networks that will replace 3G networks sometimes in future.
In another context, 4G is simply an initiative by academic R&D labs to move beyond the limitations and problems of 3G which is having trouble getting deployed and meeting its promised performance and throughput.
In reality, as of first half of 2002, 4G is a conceptual framework for or a discussion point to address future needs of a universal high speed wireless network that will interface with wireline backbone network seamlessly.4G is also represents the hope and ideas of a group of researchers in Motorola, Qualcomm, Nokia, Ericsson, Sun, HP, NTT DoCoMo and other infrastructure vendors who must respond to the needs of MMS, multimedia and video applications if 3G never materializes in its full glory.
Motivation for 4G Research Before 3G Has Not Been Deployed:
• 3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high-performance applications like multi-media, full-motion video, wireless teleconferencing. We need a network technology that extends 3G capacity by an order of magnitude.
• There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam and interoperate across networks. we need global mobility and service portability
• 3G is based on primarily a wide-area concept. We need hybrid networks that utilize both wireless LAN (hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide area network design.
• We need wider bandwidth
• Researchers have come up with spectrally more efficient modulation schemes that can not be retrofitted into 3G infrastructure
2. Introduction to 4G Wireless Networks
Fourth generation is the “next generation of technology” that will be used by cellular phone companies, making it possible to deliver superior quality video and data, in addition to voice. 4G wireless was originally conceived of by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in the US, the same organization that developed the wired internet.
4G is a packet switched technology that uses bandwidth much more efficiently, allowing each user’s packers to compete for available bandwidth, and billing users for the amount of data transmitted. It also solves the non-standardisation problems associated with 3G networks for voice, video and data transmission. The data transfer rate is expected to be in the range of 20 to 100 mbps in 4g networks, which will be 10 to 50 times those offered by 3G links, it is about 10-20 times faster than standard ADSL (Asymmetric Digital subscriber Line) services that were introduced for the connection over tradition copper cable the operating frequency range will be between 3 to 10 GHz and the Internet protocol used will be IPV6
4G will enable wireless subscribers to view high-definition television programming thought wireless broadband connections. Internet-based multi-channel video an demand will become a reality Thus 4G will represent another quantum leap in mobile Internet speed and picture quality figure 2.1 represents what has been the typical progression of wireless communication
1. What is 4G :
4G takes on a number of equally true definitions, depending on who you are talking to. In simplest terms, 4G is the next generation of wireless networks that will replace 3G networks sometimes in future.
In another context, 4G is simply an initiative by academic R&D labs to move beyond the limitations and problems of 3G which is having trouble getting deployed and meeting its promised performance and throughput.
In reality, as of first half of 2002, 4G is a conceptual framework for or a discussion point to address future needs of a universal high speed wireless network that will interface with wireline backbone network seamlessly.4G is also represents the hope and ideas of a group of researchers in Motorola, Qualcomm, Nokia, Ericsson, Sun, HP, NTT DoCoMo and other infrastructure vendors who must respond to the needs of MMS, multimedia and video applications if 3G never materializes in its full glory.
Motivation for 4G Research Before 3G Has Not Been Deployed:
• 3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high-performance applications like multi-media, full-motion video, wireless teleconferencing. We need a network technology that extends 3G capacity by an order of magnitude.
• There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam and interoperate across networks. we need global mobility and service portability
• 3G is based on primarily a wide-area concept. We need hybrid networks that utilize both wireless LAN (hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide area network design.
• We need wider bandwidth
• Researchers have come up with spectrally more efficient modulation schemes that can not be retrofitted into 3G infrastructure
2. Introduction to 4G Wireless Networks
Fourth generation is the “next generation of technology” that will be used by cellular phone companies, making it possible to deliver superior quality video and data, in addition to voice. 4G wireless was originally conceived of by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in the US, the same organization that developed the wired internet.
4G is a packet switched technology that uses bandwidth much more efficiently, allowing each user’s packers to compete for available bandwidth, and billing users for the amount of data transmitted. It also solves the non-standardisation problems associated with 3G networks for voice, video and data transmission. The data transfer rate is expected to be in the range of 20 to 100 mbps in 4g networks, which will be 10 to 50 times those offered by 3G links, it is about 10-20 times faster than standard ADSL (Asymmetric Digital subscriber Line) services that were introduced for the connection over tradition copper cable the operating frequency range will be between 3 to 10 GHz and the Internet protocol used will be IPV6
4G will enable wireless subscribers to view high-definition television programming thought wireless broadband connections. Internet-based multi-channel video an demand will become a reality Thus 4G will represent another quantum leap in mobile Internet speed and picture quality figure 2.1 represents what has been the typical progression of wireless communication
16-08-2011, 02:55 PM
[attachment=15305]
1 Introduction
Consumers demand more from their technology. Whether it be a television, cellular phone, or refrigerator, the latest technology purchase must have new features. With the advent of the Internet, the most-wanted feature is better, faster access to information. Cellular subscribers pay extra on top of their basic bills for such features as instant messaging, stock quotes, and even Internet access right on their phones. But that is far from the limit of features; manufacturers entice customers to buy new phones with photo and even video capability. It is no longer a quantum leap to envision a time when access to all necessary information — the power of a personal computer — sits in the palm of one’s hand. To support such a powerful system, we need pervasive, high-speed wireless connectivity.
A number of technologies currently exist to provide users with high-speed digital wireless connectivity; Bluetooth and 802.11 are examples. These two standards provide very high speed network connections over short distances, typically in the tens of meters. Meanwhile, cellular providers seek to increase speed on their long-range wireless networks. The goal is the same: long-range, high-speed wireless, which for the purposes of this report will be called 4G, for fourth-generation wireless system. Such a system does not yet exist, nor will it exist in today’s market without standardization. Fourth-generation wireless needs to be standardized throughout the United States due to its enticing advantages to both users and providers.
Chapter 2
2 Economic Impacts
2.1 Advantages of 4G
In a fourth-generation wireless system, cellular providers have the opportunity to offer data access to a wide variety of devices. The cellular network would become a data network on which cellular phones could operate — as well as any other data device. Sending data over the cell phone network is a lucrative business. In the information age, access to data is the “killer app” that drives the market. The most telling example is growth of the Internet over the last 10 years. Wireless networks provide a unique twist to this product: mobility. This concept is already beginning a revolution in wireless networking, with instant access to the Internet from anywhere.
2.2 Problems with the Current System
One may then wonder why ubiquitous, high-speed wireless is not already available. After all, wireless providers are already moving in the direction of expanding the bandwidth of their cellular networks. Almost all of the major cell phone networks already provide data services beyond that offered in standard cell phones, as illustrated in Table 1.
Unfortunately, the current cellular network does not have the available bandwidth necessary to handle data services well. Not only is data transfer slow — at the speed of analog modems — but the bandwidth that is available is not allocated efficiently for data. Data transfer tends to come in bursts rather than in the constant stream of voice data. Cellular providers are continuing to upgrade their networks in order to meet this higher demand by switching to different protocols that allow for faster access speeds and more efficient transfers. These are collectively referred to as third generation, or 3G, services. However, the way in which the companies are developing their networks is problematic — all are currently proceeding in different directions with their technology improvements. Figure 1 illustrates the different technologies that are currently in use, and which technologies the providers plan to use.
Cellular provider Features
Sprint e-mail, pictures, games, music, Internet
AT&T e-mail, games, music
Cingular text messaging
Table 1: Cellular Providers and Services
Figure 1: Cellular Provider System Upgrades
Although most technologies are similar, they are not all using the same protocol. In addition, 3G systems still have inherent flaws. They are not well-designed for data; they are improvements on a protocol that was originally designed for voice. Thus, they are inefficient with their use of the available spectrum bandwidth. A data-centered protocol is needed. If one were to create two identical marketplaces in which cellular providers used 3G and 4G respectively, the improvements in 4G would be easy to see.
Speaking on the topic of 3G, one of the worlds leading authorities on mobile communications, William C.Y. Lee, states that 3G would be “a patched up system that could be inefficient”, and it would be best if the industry would leapfrog over 3G wireless technology, and prepare for 4G.
4G protocols use spectrum up to 3 times as efficiently as 3G systems, have better ways of handling dynamic load changes (such as additional cellular users entering a particular cell), and create more bandwidth than 3G systems.
1 Introduction
Consumers demand more from their technology. Whether it be a television, cellular phone, or refrigerator, the latest technology purchase must have new features. With the advent of the Internet, the most-wanted feature is better, faster access to information. Cellular subscribers pay extra on top of their basic bills for such features as instant messaging, stock quotes, and even Internet access right on their phones. But that is far from the limit of features; manufacturers entice customers to buy new phones with photo and even video capability. It is no longer a quantum leap to envision a time when access to all necessary information — the power of a personal computer — sits in the palm of one’s hand. To support such a powerful system, we need pervasive, high-speed wireless connectivity.
A number of technologies currently exist to provide users with high-speed digital wireless connectivity; Bluetooth and 802.11 are examples. These two standards provide very high speed network connections over short distances, typically in the tens of meters. Meanwhile, cellular providers seek to increase speed on their long-range wireless networks. The goal is the same: long-range, high-speed wireless, which for the purposes of this report will be called 4G, for fourth-generation wireless system. Such a system does not yet exist, nor will it exist in today’s market without standardization. Fourth-generation wireless needs to be standardized throughout the United States due to its enticing advantages to both users and providers.
Chapter 2
2 Economic Impacts
2.1 Advantages of 4G
In a fourth-generation wireless system, cellular providers have the opportunity to offer data access to a wide variety of devices. The cellular network would become a data network on which cellular phones could operate — as well as any other data device. Sending data over the cell phone network is a lucrative business. In the information age, access to data is the “killer app” that drives the market. The most telling example is growth of the Internet over the last 10 years. Wireless networks provide a unique twist to this product: mobility. This concept is already beginning a revolution in wireless networking, with instant access to the Internet from anywhere.
2.2 Problems with the Current System
One may then wonder why ubiquitous, high-speed wireless is not already available. After all, wireless providers are already moving in the direction of expanding the bandwidth of their cellular networks. Almost all of the major cell phone networks already provide data services beyond that offered in standard cell phones, as illustrated in Table 1.
Unfortunately, the current cellular network does not have the available bandwidth necessary to handle data services well. Not only is data transfer slow — at the speed of analog modems — but the bandwidth that is available is not allocated efficiently for data. Data transfer tends to come in bursts rather than in the constant stream of voice data. Cellular providers are continuing to upgrade their networks in order to meet this higher demand by switching to different protocols that allow for faster access speeds and more efficient transfers. These are collectively referred to as third generation, or 3G, services. However, the way in which the companies are developing their networks is problematic — all are currently proceeding in different directions with their technology improvements. Figure 1 illustrates the different technologies that are currently in use, and which technologies the providers plan to use.
Cellular provider Features
Sprint e-mail, pictures, games, music, Internet
AT&T e-mail, games, music
Cingular text messaging
Table 1: Cellular Providers and Services
Figure 1: Cellular Provider System Upgrades
Although most technologies are similar, they are not all using the same protocol. In addition, 3G systems still have inherent flaws. They are not well-designed for data; they are improvements on a protocol that was originally designed for voice. Thus, they are inefficient with their use of the available spectrum bandwidth. A data-centered protocol is needed. If one were to create two identical marketplaces in which cellular providers used 3G and 4G respectively, the improvements in 4G would be easy to see.
Speaking on the topic of 3G, one of the worlds leading authorities on mobile communications, William C.Y. Lee, states that 3G would be “a patched up system that could be inefficient”, and it would be best if the industry would leapfrog over 3G wireless technology, and prepare for 4G.
4G protocols use spectrum up to 3 times as efficiently as 3G systems, have better ways of handling dynamic load changes (such as additional cellular users entering a particular cell), and create more bandwidth than 3G systems.
29-08-2011, 10:31 AM
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29-08-2011, 12:03 PM
[attachment=15501]
ABSTRACT:-
The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video to high-data-rate wireless channels. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGIC—Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. This paper presents an overall vision of the 4G features, framework, and integration of mobile communication. The features of 4G systems might be summarized with one word—integration. The 4G systems are about seamlessly integrating terminals, networks, and applications to satisfy increasing user demands. The continuous expansion of mobile communication and wireless networks shows evidence of exceptional growth in the areas of mobile subscriber, wireless network access, mobile services, and applications.
Introduction:-
Consumers demand more from their technology. Whether it be a television, cellular phone, or refrigerator, the latest technology purchase must have new features. With the advent of the Internet, the most-wanted feature is better, faster access to information. Cellular subscribers pay extra on top of their basic bills for such features as instant messaging, stock quotes, and even Internet access right on their phones. But that is far from the limit of features; manufacturers entice customers to buy new phones with photo and even video capability. It is no longer a quantum leap to envision a time when access to all necessary information the power of a personal computer , sits in the palm of one’s hand. To support such a powerful system, we need pervasive, high-speed wireless connectivity.
A number of technologies currently exist to provide users with high-speed digital wireless connectivity; Bluetooth and 802.11 are examples. These two standards provide very high speed network connections over short distances, typically in the tens of meters. Meanwhile, cellular
providers seek to increase speed on their long-range wireless networks. The goal is the same: long-range, high-speed wireless, which for the purposes of this report will be called 4G, for fourth-generation wireless system. Such a system does not yet exist, nor will it exist in today’s market without standardization. Fourth-generation wireless needs to be standardized throughout the world due to its enticing advantages to both users and providers.
Economic Impact:-
Advantages of 4G:-
In a fourth-generation wireless system, cellular providers have the opportunity to offer data access to a wide variety of devices. The cellular network would become a data network on which cellular phones could operate-as well as any other data device. Sending data over the cell phone network is a lucrative business. In the information age, access to data is the “killer app” that drives the market. The most telling example is growth of the Internet over the last 10 years. Wireless networks provide a unique twist to this product: mobility. This concept is already beginning a revolution in wireless networking, with instant access to the Internet from anywhere.
Problems with the Current System
One may then wonder why ubiquitous, high-speed wireless is not already available. After all, wireless providers are already moving in the direction of expanding the bandwidth of their cellular networks. Almost all of the major cell phone networks already provide
data services beyond that offered in standard cell phones, as illustrated in Table 1.
Unfortunately, the current cellular network does not have the available bandwidth necessary to handle data services well. Not only is data transfer slow - at the speed of analog modems - but the bandwidth that is available is not allocated efficiently for data. Data transfer tends to come in bursts rather than in the constant stream of voice data. Cellular providers are continuing to upgrade their networks in order to meet this higher demand by switching to different protocols that allow for faster access speeds and more efficient transfers. These are collectively referred to as third generation, or 3G, services. However, the way in which the companies are developing their networks is problematic — all are currently proceeding in different directions with their technology improvements. Figure 1 illustrates the different technologies that are currently in use, and which technologies the providers plan to use.
Although most technologies are similar, they are not all using the same
protocol. In addition, 3G systems still have inherent flaws. They are not well-designed for data; they are improvements on a protocol that was originally designed for voice. Thus, they are inefficient with their use of the available spectrum bandwidth. A data-centered protocol is needed. If one were to create two identical marketplaces in which cellular providers used 3G and 4G respectively, the improvements in 4G would be easy to see. Speaking on the topic of 3G, one of the worlds leading authorities on mobile communications, William C.Y. Lee, states that 3G would be “a patched up system that could be inefficient”, and it would be best if the industry would leapfrog over 3G wireless technologies, and prepare for 4G (Christian). 4G protocols use spectrum up to 3 times as efficiently as 3G systems, have better ways of handling dynamic load changes (such as additional cellular users entering a particular cell), and create more bandwidth than 3G systems. Most importantly, fourth-generation systems will draw more users by using standard network protocols, which will be discussed later, to connect to the Internet. This will allow simple and transparent connectivity.
Barriers to Progress:-
Why are cellular providers not moving to 4G instead of 3G? A market place like the cellular industry can be modeled as a game, as in Table 2.
There are three basic paths the game can take:
Nobody makes the conversion to 4G All end up upgrading to 2.5G and 3G services. The upgrades are incremental, and don’t require a complete reworking of the system, so they are fairly cheap — the equipment required is already developed and in mass production in other places in the world.
Everyone makes the conversion to 4G The equipment and technology needed for 4G will be cheap, because of all of the cellular manufacturers investing in it. Cellular providers will market additional services to its customers.
Some of the players make the conversion to 4G Because not all of the players have chosen 4G, the equipment will be more expensive than the second scenario. Even though converters will be able to sell more services to their customers, it will not be enough to cover the higher costs of converting to 4G.
Therefore, if a player chooses the 4G strategy, but nobody else follows suit, that player will be at a significant disadvantage. No cellular provider has incentive to move to 4G unless all providers move to 4G. An outside agent — the national government — must standardize on 4G as the wireless standard
for the communication. Of course, legitimate concerns can be posed to the idea of implementing 4G nationwide. A common concern is the similarity of this proposal to the forced introduction of HDTV in the US, which has (thus far)
failed miserably. There are two key differences, however, between 4G and HDTV. The first is the nature of the service providers. There are many small television broadcasters in rural areas whose cost of conversion would be as much as 15years of revenue. The cellular industry, however, does not have this problem. The players are multi-billion dollar companies, who already have enough capital; continual network upgrades are part of their business plan. Our proposal is simply choosing a direction for their growth.
An often overlooked area of financial liability for cellular providers is in the area of information security. Providers could lose money through fraudulent use of the cellular system or unauthorized disclosure of user information over the airwaves. Both of these cases could be caused by an insecure wireless system.
ABSTRACT:-
The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video to high-data-rate wireless channels. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGIC—Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. This paper presents an overall vision of the 4G features, framework, and integration of mobile communication. The features of 4G systems might be summarized with one word—integration. The 4G systems are about seamlessly integrating terminals, networks, and applications to satisfy increasing user demands. The continuous expansion of mobile communication and wireless networks shows evidence of exceptional growth in the areas of mobile subscriber, wireless network access, mobile services, and applications.
Introduction:-
Consumers demand more from their technology. Whether it be a television, cellular phone, or refrigerator, the latest technology purchase must have new features. With the advent of the Internet, the most-wanted feature is better, faster access to information. Cellular subscribers pay extra on top of their basic bills for such features as instant messaging, stock quotes, and even Internet access right on their phones. But that is far from the limit of features; manufacturers entice customers to buy new phones with photo and even video capability. It is no longer a quantum leap to envision a time when access to all necessary information the power of a personal computer , sits in the palm of one’s hand. To support such a powerful system, we need pervasive, high-speed wireless connectivity.
A number of technologies currently exist to provide users with high-speed digital wireless connectivity; Bluetooth and 802.11 are examples. These two standards provide very high speed network connections over short distances, typically in the tens of meters. Meanwhile, cellular
providers seek to increase speed on their long-range wireless networks. The goal is the same: long-range, high-speed wireless, which for the purposes of this report will be called 4G, for fourth-generation wireless system. Such a system does not yet exist, nor will it exist in today’s market without standardization. Fourth-generation wireless needs to be standardized throughout the world due to its enticing advantages to both users and providers.
Economic Impact:-
Advantages of 4G:-
In a fourth-generation wireless system, cellular providers have the opportunity to offer data access to a wide variety of devices. The cellular network would become a data network on which cellular phones could operate-as well as any other data device. Sending data over the cell phone network is a lucrative business. In the information age, access to data is the “killer app” that drives the market. The most telling example is growth of the Internet over the last 10 years. Wireless networks provide a unique twist to this product: mobility. This concept is already beginning a revolution in wireless networking, with instant access to the Internet from anywhere.
Problems with the Current System
One may then wonder why ubiquitous, high-speed wireless is not already available. After all, wireless providers are already moving in the direction of expanding the bandwidth of their cellular networks. Almost all of the major cell phone networks already provide
data services beyond that offered in standard cell phones, as illustrated in Table 1.
Unfortunately, the current cellular network does not have the available bandwidth necessary to handle data services well. Not only is data transfer slow - at the speed of analog modems - but the bandwidth that is available is not allocated efficiently for data. Data transfer tends to come in bursts rather than in the constant stream of voice data. Cellular providers are continuing to upgrade their networks in order to meet this higher demand by switching to different protocols that allow for faster access speeds and more efficient transfers. These are collectively referred to as third generation, or 3G, services. However, the way in which the companies are developing their networks is problematic — all are currently proceeding in different directions with their technology improvements. Figure 1 illustrates the different technologies that are currently in use, and which technologies the providers plan to use.
Although most technologies are similar, they are not all using the same
protocol. In addition, 3G systems still have inherent flaws. They are not well-designed for data; they are improvements on a protocol that was originally designed for voice. Thus, they are inefficient with their use of the available spectrum bandwidth. A data-centered protocol is needed. If one were to create two identical marketplaces in which cellular providers used 3G and 4G respectively, the improvements in 4G would be easy to see. Speaking on the topic of 3G, one of the worlds leading authorities on mobile communications, William C.Y. Lee, states that 3G would be “a patched up system that could be inefficient”, and it would be best if the industry would leapfrog over 3G wireless technologies, and prepare for 4G (Christian). 4G protocols use spectrum up to 3 times as efficiently as 3G systems, have better ways of handling dynamic load changes (such as additional cellular users entering a particular cell), and create more bandwidth than 3G systems. Most importantly, fourth-generation systems will draw more users by using standard network protocols, which will be discussed later, to connect to the Internet. This will allow simple and transparent connectivity.
Barriers to Progress:-
Why are cellular providers not moving to 4G instead of 3G? A market place like the cellular industry can be modeled as a game, as in Table 2.
There are three basic paths the game can take:
Nobody makes the conversion to 4G All end up upgrading to 2.5G and 3G services. The upgrades are incremental, and don’t require a complete reworking of the system, so they are fairly cheap — the equipment required is already developed and in mass production in other places in the world.
Everyone makes the conversion to 4G The equipment and technology needed for 4G will be cheap, because of all of the cellular manufacturers investing in it. Cellular providers will market additional services to its customers.
Some of the players make the conversion to 4G Because not all of the players have chosen 4G, the equipment will be more expensive than the second scenario. Even though converters will be able to sell more services to their customers, it will not be enough to cover the higher costs of converting to 4G.
Therefore, if a player chooses the 4G strategy, but nobody else follows suit, that player will be at a significant disadvantage. No cellular provider has incentive to move to 4G unless all providers move to 4G. An outside agent — the national government — must standardize on 4G as the wireless standard
for the communication. Of course, legitimate concerns can be posed to the idea of implementing 4G nationwide. A common concern is the similarity of this proposal to the forced introduction of HDTV in the US, which has (thus far)
failed miserably. There are two key differences, however, between 4G and HDTV. The first is the nature of the service providers. There are many small television broadcasters in rural areas whose cost of conversion would be as much as 15years of revenue. The cellular industry, however, does not have this problem. The players are multi-billion dollar companies, who already have enough capital; continual network upgrades are part of their business plan. Our proposal is simply choosing a direction for their growth.
An often overlooked area of financial liability for cellular providers is in the area of information security. Providers could lose money through fraudulent use of the cellular system or unauthorized disclosure of user information over the airwaves. Both of these cases could be caused by an insecure wireless system.
21-01-2012, 10:33 AM
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