1. Introduction to Cryptography:
In the era of information technology, the possibility that the information stored in a person’s computer or the information that are being transferred through network of computers or internet being read by other people is very high. This causes a major concern for privacy, identity theft, electronic payments, corporate security, military communications and many others. We need an efficient and simple way of securing the electronic documents from being read or used by people other th ....etc

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Private-Key Cryptography
• traditional private/secret/single key cryptography uses one key
• Key is shared by both sender and receiver
• if the key is disclosed communications are compromised
• also known as symmetric, both parties are equal
• hence does not protect sender from receiver forging a message & claiming is sent by sender
Public-Key Cryptography
• probably most significant advance in the 3000 year history of cryptography
• uses two keys – a public key and a private key
....etc

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By carefully measuring the amount of time required to perform private key operations, attackers may be able to find fixed Diffie-Hellman exponents, factor RSA keys, and break other cryptosystems.Against a vulnerable system, the attack is computationally inexpensive and often requires only known ciphertext. Actual systems are potentially at risk, including cryptographic tokens, network-based cryptosystems, and other applications where attackers can make reasonably accurate timing measurements. Techniques for preventing the attack for RSA and Dif ....etc

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ABSTRACT

The main objective of our Project is to show that Elliptical Curve Cryptography is better than RSA. Which means than the ECC maintains a constant key size regarding the amount of data transferred i.e. the key size will be constant where as in RSA key size varies with increase in transfer of data. By having this type of properties this algorithm can be used in different applications efficiently. This algorithm is widely applicable to the huge organizations like military. As in the military network large amounts of very ....etc

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Public key cryptosystems were invented in the late 1970â„¢s, with some help from the development of complexity theory around that time. It was observed that based on a problem so difficult that it would need thousands of years to solve, and with some luck, a cryptosystem could be developed which would have two keys, a secret key and a public key. With the public key one could encrypt messages, and decrypt them with the private key. Thus the owner of the private key would be the only one who could decrypt the messages, but anyone knowing the ....etc

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ABSTRACT
The on-card implementation is actually a prime finding problem.So we should optimize the algorithms so that they become efficient, flexible and space saving. Along with these crypto coprocessors are also used to accelerate cryptography.Although smart cards are becoming used in an increasing number of applications, there is small literature of the implementation issues for smart cards. This paper describes the issues and considerations that need to be taken into account when implementing the key ge ....etc

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Public key cryptosystems were invented in the late 1970's, with some help from the development of complexity theory around that time. It was observed that based on a problem so difficult that it would need thousands of years to solve, and with some luck, a cryptosystem could be developed which would have two keys, a secret key and a public key. With the public key one could encrypt messages, and decrypt them with the private key. Thus the owner of the private key would be the only one who could decrypt the messages, but anyone knowing the publ ....etc

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INTRODUCTION
RSA Algorithm was discovered by a group of three scientists namely Ron Rivest,Adi Shamir and Len Adleman and was first published in 1978.
The RSA scheme is a block cipher in which the plain text and cipher text are integers between 0 and n-1 for some n.
A Typical size of n is 1024 bits or 309 decimal digits.
This is a public key encryption scheme.
In this scheme two pairs of integers {e, n} and {d, n} are used. First of them i.e. {e.n} is called the RSA public key and the other one i.e. {d, n} is called t ....etc

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The problem of factoring a large number into the constituent primes is a time old one and many a scientists have dedicated their time and effort for developing a compact and efficient factoring algorithm. The RSA encryption algorithm developed by Rivest, Shamir and Adelman based on primality testing and prime factoring is one of the best encryption algorithms in use today.
Here we discuss some of the recent developments in the field of primality testing and also a comparison study with the primality testing algorithm of the IIT?ians is also gi ....etc

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IMPLEMENTATION OF AES, RSA, ECC

Abstract:
In this world of increasing electronic connectivity of viruses, hackers, eaves-dropping and electronic fraud, electronic security is necessary always for transmitting secure electronic-data across insecure networks such as the internet. So, in order to ensure this electronic security, cryptography evolved leading to the development of various cryptosystems.
The main objective of this project is to develop three such cryptosystems- Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) Cry ....etc

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