Quantum Computing



Introduction

What is a quantum computer?

A quantum computer is a machine that performs calculations based on the laws of quantum mechanics, which is the behavior of particles at the sub-atomic level.

“I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics” - Feynman

1982 - Feynman proposed the idea of creating machines based on the laws of quantum mechanics instead of the laws of classical physics.

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Quantum Wells, Quantum Wire, and Quantum Dots




I'd like to explore the material known as Wellstone. There are some interesting aspects to this material, and it is written about in Hacking Matter by Will McCarthy. It is not necessarily nanotechnology, so much as it is quantum level materials and bio-molecular control over nano sized or meso-sized particles.
We will return to the world of Nanotechnology and DNA computing shortly, for now - let's talk about Wellstone.

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A THEORETICAL APPROACH TO MOLECULAR LEVEL QUANTUM COMPUTING
ABSTRACT:
In this paper we are extending the boundaries of quantum registers which forms the basis for future quantum computing. The atomic excitation and relaxation paves the way for replacing the old conventional bits by qubits. Our paper elaborates the idea of implementing the molecular transistors without affecting molecular coherent property, which will be a pathway to the quantum computer castle, using nitrogen induced diamond as a temporary RAM. The experi ....etc

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INTRODUCTION
The history of computer technology has involved a sequence of changes ~ZT\ one type of physical realization to another from gears to relays to valves to ~3nsistors to integrated circuits and so on. Today's advanced lithographic *r-:hniques can squeeze fraction of micron wide logic gates and wires onto the s^face of silicon chips. Soon they will yield even smaller parts and inevitably ¦each a point where logic gates are so small that they are made out of only a -^ndful of atoms; i.e. the size of the lo ....etc

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quantum computers exploit quantum effects to compute in ways that are faster or more efficient than, or even impossible, on conventional computers. Quantum computers use a specific physical implementation to gain a computational advantage over conventional computers. Properties called superposition and entanglement may, in some cases, allow an exponential amount of parallelism. Also, special purpose machines like quantum cryptographic devices use entanglement and other peculiarities like quantum uncertainty. ....etc

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Definition
Quantum cryptography is an effort to allow two users of a common communication channel to create a body of shared and secret information. This information, which generally takes the form of a random string of bits, can then be used as a conventional secret key for secure communication. It is useful to assume that the communicating parties initially share a small amount of secret information, which is used up and then renewed in the exchange process, but even without this assumption exchanges are possible.

The advantage of quantum ....etc

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Imagine a computer whose memory is exponentially larger than its apparent physical size; a computer that can manipulate an exponential set of inputs simultaneously; a computer that computes in the twilight zone of Hilbert space. You would be thinking of a quantum computer. Relatively few and simple concepts from quantum mechanics are needed to make quantum computers a possibility. The subtlety has been in learning to manipulate these concepts. Is such a computer an inevitability or will it is too difficult to build?

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Definition

The subject of quantum computing brings together ideas from classical information theory, computer science, and quantum physics. This document aims to summarize not just quantum computing, but the whole subject of quantum information theory. It turns out that information theory and quantum mechanics fit together very well. In order to explain their relationship, the paper begins with an introduction to classical information theory .The principles of quantum mechanics are then outlined.

The EPR-Bell correlation and quantum enta ....etc

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To explain what makes quantum computers so different from their classical counterparts we begin by having a closer look at a basic chunk of information namely one bit. A bit is the basic unit of information in a digital computer. From a physical point of view, a bit is a physical system which can be prepared in one of the two different states representing two logical values --- no or yes, false or true, or simply 0 or 1. For example, in digital computers, the voltage between the plates in a capacitor represents a bit of information: a charged c ....etc

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