Externalities
• Recall: Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” of the marketplace leads self-interested buyers and sellers in a market to maximize the total benefit that society can derive from a market.
But market failures can still happen.
EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY
• An externality refers to the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.
• Externalities cause markets to be inefficient, and thus fail to maximize total surplus.
• An externality ar ....etc

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Economics and Environmental Law: dealing with competition law and environmental principles in the European Union context


Marta Torre-Schaub
Full Tenured Senior Researcher Fellow CNRS and La Sorbonne University, Paris.
Visiting Professor Ecole Normale Supérieur Cachan, Paris.
Global Researcher Fellow NYU School of Law
U.S.A Fulbright Grantee


Introduction
Environmental principles and competition law are in conflict in the European Union context. The environment is defended by some principles as for ex ....etc

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Evolution of Software Economics


2.1 Software Economics


Five fundamental parameters that can be abstracted from software costing models:
Size
Process
Personnel
Environment
Required Quality
Overviewed in Chapter 2
Much more detail in Chapter 3.

Software Economics – Parameters

Size: Usually measured in SLOC or number of Function Points required to realize the desired capabilities.
Function Points – a better metric earlier in project
LOC (SLOC, KLOC…) a better metric la ....etc

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Fuzzy Logic and Fuzzy Sets 


History


Lotfi Zadeh, at the University of California at Berkeley, first presented fuzzy logic in the mid-1960's.

Zadeh developed fuzzy logic as a way of processing data. Instead of requiring a data element to be either a member or non-member of a set, he introduced the idea of partial set membership.

In 1974 Mamdani and Assilian used fuzzy logic to regulate a steam engine.

In 1985 researchers at Bell laboratories ....etc

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This article is presented by:
Robert J. Kauffman and Eric A. Walden

Economics and Electronic Commerce:Survey and Directions for Research

ABSTRACT
This article reviews the growing body of research on electronic commerce from the perspective of economic analysis. It begins by constructing a new framework for understanding electronic commerce research, then identifies the range of applicable theory and current research in the context of ....etc

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I am Lavanya, student of Department of Agricultural Economics,UAS Bangalore. Please suggest me one topic on which i can give my seminar. ....etc

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