FUEL CELLS-Evolving Concepts and Developments

Introduction
Output of conventional batteries are limited.
They are polluting.
Continuous operation results in fall in efficiency.
Output not stable under long durations of operations.

Fuel Cells
An Electrochemical energy conversion device
Produces electricity from external fuel and oxidant.
Can operate virtually continuously as long as the necessary flows are maintained.

General Structure
Two electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte
Hydro ....etc

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ABSTRACT
Necessity is the mother of invention. Energy crisis is the cry of
future.
The historical and the present-day civilization are closely interwoven
with energy and in future, our existence will be more dependent upon
energy. The conventional sources of energy, the single most important
pre-requisite for power generation, are depleting fast. The world is
heading towards a global energy crisis mostly due to running out of
these energy sources; decreasing the dependency on fossil fuels is
recommen ....etc

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Fuel cells are a proven power source for manned spacecraft where they generate electrical power from stored hydrogen and oxygen that are carried in cryogenic liquid form. The world?s petroleum production is about to pass its peak, so a world wide development effort is being directed into adapting these high efficiency fuel cells into powering automobiles, buses and trucks. Fuel cells are more efficient than the secondary batteries used. First Alkali fuel cells are used in aircrafts, but now a days fuel cells using Proton Exchange Membrane are ....etc

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Fuel cells are a proven power source for manned spacecraft where they generate electrical power from stored hydrogen and oxygen that are carried in cryogenic liquid form. The worldâ„¢s petroleum production is about to pass its peak, so a world wide development effort is being directed into adapting these high efficiency fuel cells into powering automobiles, buses and trucks. Fuel cells are more efficient than the secondary batteries used. First Alkali fuel cells are used in aircrafts, but now a days fuel cells using Proton Exchange Membrane ....etc

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A multi-scale model for electrochemistry in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells has been developed. The multi-scale model involves four scales: atomic-scale for kinetics of chemical/electrochemical reaction, nano-scale for surface reactions, micro-scale for electrolyte transport, and macro-scale. The energetics of chemical and electrochemical reactions are computed using quantum computation which serves as input for the kinetics on nano-scale catalysts which is simulated using the dynamic Monte Carlo (DMC) method. A full fuel cell model w ....etc

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Fuel cells are a proven power source for manned spacecraft where they generate electrical power from stored hydrogen and oxygen that are carried in cryogenic liquid form. The world?s petroleum production is about to pass its peak, so a world wide development effort is being directed into adapting these high efficiency fuel cells into powering automobiles, buses and trucks. Fuel cells are more efficient than the secondary batteries used. First Alkali fuel cells are used in aircrafts, but now a days fuel cells using Proton Exchange Membrane are ....etc

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