Student Seminar Report & Project Report With Presentation (PPT,PDF,DOC,ZIP)

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A logic gate is a basic element of a digital circuit. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. At any given time, each terminal is in one of two low (0) or high (1) binary conditions, represented by different voltage levels. The logical state of a terminal can, and usually does, change frequently, as the circuit processes the data. On most logic gates, the low state is about zero volts (0 V), while the high state is about 5 volts positive (+5 V).

There are seven basic logical gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR.

The AND gate is called this because, if 0 is called "false" and 1 is called "true", the gate acts in the same way as the logical operator "y". The following illustration and table shows the circuit symbol and logical combinations for an AND gate. (At the symbol, the input terminals are to the left and the output terminal is to the right.) The output is "true" when both inputs are "true". Otherwise, the output is "false".

In electronics, a logic gate is an idealized or physical device that implements a Boolean function; That is, it performs a logic operation on one or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output. Depending on the context, the term can refer to an ideal logic gate, which has, for example, zero climb time and unlimited fan, or can refer to a non-ideal physical device.

Logic gates are mainly implemented using diodes or transistors that act as electronic switches, but can also be constructed using vacuum tubes, electromagnetic relays, relay logic, fluid logic, pneumatic logic, optics, molecules or even mechanical elements. With amplification, logic gates can be cascaded in the same way that Boolean functions can be composed, allowing the construction of a physical model of all Boolean logic, and hence of all algorithms and mathematics Can describe with Boolean logic.

Logic circuits include devices such as multiplexers, registers, logical arithmetic units (ALUs) and computer memory, all through complete microprocessors, which can hold more than 100 million gates. In modern practice, most of the gates are made of field-effect transistors (FETs), particularly MOSFETs (metal oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors).

AND-OR-Invert (AOI) and OR-AND-Invert (OAI) logic gates are often used in circuit design because their construction using MOSFETs is simpler and more efficient than the sum of individual gates.

Logic gates

AND gate

OR gate

NOT gate

NAND gate

NOR gate

EXOR gate

EXNOR gate

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