07-06-2017, 07:20 PM
08-06-2017, 10:37 AM
Pharmacology is the branch of biology related to the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any natural or endogenous (body) molecule that exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, Organ or organism (sometimes the word pharmacology is used as a term to cover these endogenous and exogenous bio-active species). More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemical substances that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If the substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals.
The field comprises drug composition and properties, drug synthesis and design, molecular and cellular mechanisms, organ / system mechanisms, signal transduction / cellular communication, molecular diagnostics, interactions, toxicology, chemical biology, therapy and medical applications and Antipathogenic properties. The two major areas of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug in biological systems, and Pharmacokinetics studies the effects of biological systems on a drug. In general terms, pharmacodynamics discusses chemicals with biological receptors and pharmacokinetics discusses the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of chemicals in biological systems. Pharmacology is not synonymous with pharmacy and the two terms are often confused. Pharmacology, a biomedical science, deals with the research, discovery and characterization of chemicals that show biological effects and elucidation of cellular and organismal function in relation to these chemicals. In contrast, pharmacy, a health services profession, deals with the application of the principles learned from pharmacology in its clinical setting; Either in a dispensing role or clinical care. In both fields, the main contrast between the two are their distinctions between direct patient care, pharmacy practice, and field-oriented science research, driven by pharmacology.
The origins of clinical pharmacology date back to the Middle Ages in the Avicenna Medicine Canon, Peter's Commentary on Isaac, and John's Commentary on the Anhedotary of Nicholas. Clinical pharmacology owes much of its foundation to the work of William Withering. Pharmacology as a scientific discipline did not advance until the middle of the nineteenth century in the midst of the great biomedical resurgence of that period. Before the second half of the nineteenth century, the remarkable potency and specificity of the actions of drugs such as morphine, quinine, and digitalis were vaguely explained, referring to extraordinary chemical powers and affinities to certain organs or tissues. The first department of pharmacology was created by Rudolf Buchheim in 1847, in recognition of the need to understand how therapeutic drugs and poisons produced their effects.
Early pharmacologists focused on natural substances, mainly plant extracts. Pharmacology was developed in the nineteenth century as a biomedical science that applied the principles of scientific experimentation to therapeutic contexts. Today, pharmacologists use genetics, molecular biology, chemistry, and other advanced tools to transform information on molecular mechanisms and targets into therapies directed against diseases, defects, or pathogens, and to create methods for preventive care, diagnosis, and medicine Finally customized.
The field comprises drug composition and properties, drug synthesis and design, molecular and cellular mechanisms, organ / system mechanisms, signal transduction / cellular communication, molecular diagnostics, interactions, toxicology, chemical biology, therapy and medical applications and Antipathogenic properties. The two major areas of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug in biological systems, and Pharmacokinetics studies the effects of biological systems on a drug. In general terms, pharmacodynamics discusses chemicals with biological receptors and pharmacokinetics discusses the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of chemicals in biological systems. Pharmacology is not synonymous with pharmacy and the two terms are often confused. Pharmacology, a biomedical science, deals with the research, discovery and characterization of chemicals that show biological effects and elucidation of cellular and organismal function in relation to these chemicals. In contrast, pharmacy, a health services profession, deals with the application of the principles learned from pharmacology in its clinical setting; Either in a dispensing role or clinical care. In both fields, the main contrast between the two are their distinctions between direct patient care, pharmacy practice, and field-oriented science research, driven by pharmacology.
The origins of clinical pharmacology date back to the Middle Ages in the Avicenna Medicine Canon, Peter's Commentary on Isaac, and John's Commentary on the Anhedotary of Nicholas. Clinical pharmacology owes much of its foundation to the work of William Withering. Pharmacology as a scientific discipline did not advance until the middle of the nineteenth century in the midst of the great biomedical resurgence of that period. Before the second half of the nineteenth century, the remarkable potency and specificity of the actions of drugs such as morphine, quinine, and digitalis were vaguely explained, referring to extraordinary chemical powers and affinities to certain organs or tissues. The first department of pharmacology was created by Rudolf Buchheim in 1847, in recognition of the need to understand how therapeutic drugs and poisons produced their effects.
Early pharmacologists focused on natural substances, mainly plant extracts. Pharmacology was developed in the nineteenth century as a biomedical science that applied the principles of scientific experimentation to therapeutic contexts. Today, pharmacologists use genetics, molecular biology, chemistry, and other advanced tools to transform information on molecular mechanisms and targets into therapies directed against diseases, defects, or pathogens, and to create methods for preventive care, diagnosis, and medicine Finally customized.