26-06-2016, 10:02 AM
04-07-2016, 11:46 AM
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INTRODUCTION
Optical networking is a means of communication that uses signals encoded onto light to transmit information among various nodes of a telecommunications network. They operate from the limited range of a local-area network (LAN) or over a wide-area network (WAN), which can cross metropolitan and regional areas all the way to national, international and transoceanic distances. It is a form of optical communication that relies on optical amplifiers, lasers or LEDs and wave division multiplexing (WDM) to transmit large quantities of data, generally across fiber-optic cables. Because it is capable of achieving extremely high bandwidth, it is an enabling technology for today’s Internet and the communication networks that transmit the vast majority of all human and machine-to-machine information.
Solution Overview
Long-haul, high-capacity optical backbone networks are the cornerstone of the telecom industry, allowing service providers to reach every major telecom or datacom node on any continent which residential and business customers are connected to. Optical backbone networks are required to offer the underlying long-distance optical transport layer that is the foundation for all the telecom and data services our modern societies need.
It is Xtera’s vision to be the provider of choice for long-haul optical networking infrastructures over land and undersea by supplying a wide portfolio of products and services to design, build, upgrade and operate optical backbone networks.
Anticipating the capacity and cost pressures facing backbone network operators, Xtera focused from its inception on the supply of optical transport equipment and solutions for optimizing the capacity and the reach of long-haul optical fiber transmission infrastructures – submarine, terrestrial and aerial. High capacity and long reach are offered by Xtera using advanced technologies including 100G/100G+ coherent detection, soft-decision forward error correction and proprietary Wise Raman™ optical amplification.
Transmission Medium
At its inception, the telecommunications network relied on copper to carry information. But the bandwidth of copper is limited by its physical characteristics—as the frequency of the signal increases to carry more data, more of the signal’s energy is lost as heat. Additionally, electrical signals can interfere with each other when the wires are spaced too close together, a problem known as crosstalk. In 1940, the first communication system relied on coaxial cable that operated at 3 MHz and could carry 300 telephone conversations or one television channel. By 1975, the most advanced coaxial system had a bit rate of 274 Mbit/s, but such high-frequency systems require a repeater approximately every kilometer to strengthen the signal, making such a network expensive to operate.
It was clear that light waves could have much higher bit rates without crosstalk. In 1957, Gordon Gould first described the design of a laser that was demonstrated in 1960 by Theodore Maiman. The laser is a source for such light waves, but a medium was needed to carry the light through a network. In 1960, glass fibers were in use to transmit light into the body for medical imaging, but they had high optical loss—light was absorbed as it passed through the glass at a rate of 1 decibel per meter, a phenomenon known as attenuation. In 1964, Charles Kao showed that to transmit data for long distances, a glass fiber would need loss no greater than 20 dB per kilometer. A breakthrough came in 1970, when Donald B. Keck, Robert D. Maurer, and Peter C. Schultz of Corning Incorporated designed a glass fiber, made of fused silica, with a loss of only 16 dB/km. Their fiber was able to carry 65,000 times more information than copper.
INTRODUCTION
Optical networking is a means of communication that uses signals encoded onto light to transmit information among various nodes of a telecommunications network. They operate from the limited range of a local-area network (LAN) or over a wide-area network (WAN), which can cross metropolitan and regional areas all the way to national, international and transoceanic distances. It is a form of optical communication that relies on optical amplifiers, lasers or LEDs and wave division multiplexing (WDM) to transmit large quantities of data, generally across fiber-optic cables. Because it is capable of achieving extremely high bandwidth, it is an enabling technology for today’s Internet and the communication networks that transmit the vast majority of all human and machine-to-machine information.
Solution Overview
Long-haul, high-capacity optical backbone networks are the cornerstone of the telecom industry, allowing service providers to reach every major telecom or datacom node on any continent which residential and business customers are connected to. Optical backbone networks are required to offer the underlying long-distance optical transport layer that is the foundation for all the telecom and data services our modern societies need.
It is Xtera’s vision to be the provider of choice for long-haul optical networking infrastructures over land and undersea by supplying a wide portfolio of products and services to design, build, upgrade and operate optical backbone networks.
Anticipating the capacity and cost pressures facing backbone network operators, Xtera focused from its inception on the supply of optical transport equipment and solutions for optimizing the capacity and the reach of long-haul optical fiber transmission infrastructures – submarine, terrestrial and aerial. High capacity and long reach are offered by Xtera using advanced technologies including 100G/100G+ coherent detection, soft-decision forward error correction and proprietary Wise Raman™ optical amplification.
Transmission Medium
At its inception, the telecommunications network relied on copper to carry information. But the bandwidth of copper is limited by its physical characteristics—as the frequency of the signal increases to carry more data, more of the signal’s energy is lost as heat. Additionally, electrical signals can interfere with each other when the wires are spaced too close together, a problem known as crosstalk. In 1940, the first communication system relied on coaxial cable that operated at 3 MHz and could carry 300 telephone conversations or one television channel. By 1975, the most advanced coaxial system had a bit rate of 274 Mbit/s, but such high-frequency systems require a repeater approximately every kilometer to strengthen the signal, making such a network expensive to operate.
It was clear that light waves could have much higher bit rates without crosstalk. In 1957, Gordon Gould first described the design of a laser that was demonstrated in 1960 by Theodore Maiman. The laser is a source for such light waves, but a medium was needed to carry the light through a network. In 1960, glass fibers were in use to transmit light into the body for medical imaging, but they had high optical loss—light was absorbed as it passed through the glass at a rate of 1 decibel per meter, a phenomenon known as attenuation. In 1964, Charles Kao showed that to transmit data for long distances, a glass fiber would need loss no greater than 20 dB per kilometer. A breakthrough came in 1970, when Donald B. Keck, Robert D. Maurer, and Peter C. Schultz of Corning Incorporated designed a glass fiber, made of fused silica, with a loss of only 16 dB/km. Their fiber was able to carry 65,000 times more information than copper.
12-07-2016, 04:39 PM
Abstract
Optical networking is a means of communication that uses signals encoded onto light to transmit information among various nodes of a telecommunications network. They operate from the limited range of a local-area network (LAN) or over a wide-area network (WAN), which can cross metropolitan and regional areas all the way to national, international and transoceanic distances. It is a form of optical communication that relies on optical amplifiers, lasers or LEDs and wave division multiplexing (WDM) to transmit large quantities of data, generally across fiber-optic cables. Because it is capable of achieving extremely high bandwidth, it is an enabling technology for today’s Internet and the communication networks that transmit the vast majority of all human and machine-to-machine information.An optical (photonic) network is a communications network in which information is transmitted as optical or infrared radiation transmission (IR) signals. In a true photonic network, every switch and every repeater works with IR or visible-light energy and conversion to and from electrical impulses is only done at the source and destination (origin and end point). Electric current propagates at about 10 percent of the speed of light (18,000 to 19,000 miles or 30,000 kilometers per second), while the energy in fiber optic systems travels at the speed of light. This results in shorter data-transmission delay times between the end points of a network. The top speed for data running over a single optical channel is about 10 Gbps but greater speeds can be obtained by dividing up a single optical cable into a number of channels.Optical or IR data transmission has several other advantages over electrical transmission. Perhaps most important is the greatly increased bandwidth provided by photon signals. Because the frequency of visible or IR energy is so high (on the order of millions of megahertz), thousands or millions of signals can be impressed onto a single beam by means of frequency division multiplexing (FDM). In addition, a single strand of fiber can carry IR and/or visible light at several different wavelengths, each beam having its own set of modulating signals. This is known as wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM).
Optical networking is a means of communication that uses signals encoded onto light to transmit information among various nodes of a telecommunications network. They operate from the limited range of a local-area network (LAN) or over a wide-area network (WAN), which can cross metropolitan and regional areas all the way to national, international and transoceanic distances. It is a form of optical communication that relies on optical amplifiers, lasers or LEDs and wave division multiplexing (WDM) to transmit large quantities of data, generally across fiber-optic cables. Because it is capable of achieving extremely high bandwidth, it is an enabling technology for today’s Internet and the communication networks that transmit the vast majority of all human and machine-to-machine information.An optical (photonic) network is a communications network in which information is transmitted as optical or infrared radiation transmission (IR) signals. In a true photonic network, every switch and every repeater works with IR or visible-light energy and conversion to and from electrical impulses is only done at the source and destination (origin and end point). Electric current propagates at about 10 percent of the speed of light (18,000 to 19,000 miles or 30,000 kilometers per second), while the energy in fiber optic systems travels at the speed of light. This results in shorter data-transmission delay times between the end points of a network. The top speed for data running over a single optical channel is about 10 Gbps but greater speeds can be obtained by dividing up a single optical cable into a number of channels.Optical or IR data transmission has several other advantages over electrical transmission. Perhaps most important is the greatly increased bandwidth provided by photon signals. Because the frequency of visible or IR energy is so high (on the order of millions of megahertz), thousands or millions of signals can be impressed onto a single beam by means of frequency division multiplexing (FDM). In addition, a single strand of fiber can carry IR and/or visible light at several different wavelengths, each beam having its own set of modulating signals. This is known as wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM).
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20-11-2018, 07:25 AM
optical communication and networks book by keiser PDF download