Student Seminar Report & Project Report With Presentation (PPT,PDF,DOC,ZIP)

sir,
Iam new to this thread.so forgive me,if i violate any rules.sir, i need full information about the project, Satellite based tsunami warning system.please send a detailed infomation about this project.

A satellite-based communications system is introduced to give early warning of tsunamis and earthquakes by directly measuring tsunamis in the open ocean and the waves followed by real-time reporting to alert centers. This tsunami and earthquake alert system transmits its magnitude values to a central location through satellite communication to deliver warning signals. The tsunami alarm system consists of a background pressure recorder (BPR) that can record seismic waves followed by tsunami waves and transfer these data to the alert broadcast center via satellite communication. The earthquake alarm system consists of a notification terminal that is very similar to the tsunami notification terminal except that an accelerometer is used instead of the lower pressure recorder. After receiving the warning of a pre-recorded or instant recording, the added siren with voice / text messages is transmitted to the warning receivers, placed in different places, using a common satellite channel.




NASA and a group of universities known as the READI network have begun testing an earthquake alert system based on satellite data from the Global Positioning System (GPS). The method could have allowed Japanese officials to issue accurate warnings about the deadly March 2011 earthquake and tsunami ten times faster than they did, scientists say.

The system is currently being tested using the US Pacific Northwest Geodetic Array: hundreds of GPS receivers placed along the North American coast between northern California and British Columbia in Canada. The sensors provide real-time measurements of soil movement caused by near-shore and offshore seismic faults.

Tim Melbourne, a geodetic at Central Washington University in Ellensburg and leading Matrix scientist, addressed a meeting of the Seismological Society of America in San Diego, California this week. "The Cascadia subduction zone is our main focus," he said. "That's potentially a 9-magnitude fault."


GPS receivers were installed in the late 1980s to study plate tectonics, and were updated in the early 2000s to provide hyper-accurate data for surveyors as a complement to conventional seismic matrices.

They are placed so that seismic waves traveling from dangerous faults to populated areas first strike the sensors and trigger a warning message. This gives officials a few seconds' notice of approaching shockwaves and helps them determine where the earthquake's epicenter is.

"The data comes to our lab in less than a tenth of a second," says Melbourne, "and we can process that in a good position estimate to a couple of centimeters within half a second."

Accuracy of earth shaking

Conventional seismometers provide similar information. On April 13, for example, a small earthquake of magnitude 3.5 occurred near Aromas, California. "At my desk in Berkeley, I have 25 seconds of warning," said Richard Allen, director of the seismology laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley.

But seismometers have limitations. "They do a beautiful job discriminating between magnitude 2, 3, 4, 6, earthquakes," says Melbourne. "But they encounter problems where you have to distinguish a magnitude 8 from a magnitude 9." This is due in part to that in large earthquakes, the ground may tremble for longer, but not significantly more difficult.

GPS has no such problem, as it directly measures the movement of the ground. "If the soil struts for many meters, it's unequivocal evidence of a very large earthquake," says Susan Hough, a seismologist at the United States Geological Survey in Pasadena, California.

Melbourne and Allen use the Japan earthquake as an example. In March 2011, Japanese officials relying on seismometer data were able to issue earthquake warnings within eight seconds of detecting that something important was happening. "But they thought it was 7.1 magnitude," says Allen. The estimate increased to 8.1 in 2 minutes, but it took another 20 minutes to reach the final value of magnitude 9.

Meanwhile, the tsunami caused by the earthquake was on the way, hitting the Japanese coast just 30 minutes after the earthquake. Because they had underestimated the size of the earthquake, officials also underestimated the size of the wave, and the Japanese public was not prepared for the damage it would cause.

Ten times faster

Using his own calculations with real-time GPS data from the Japanese earthquake, Melbourne got the correct magnitude in two minutes. He is surprised that the Japanese did not do it themselves in 2011. "Japan has the gold standard of everything [related to earthquakes]," he says. "I thought the Japanese would have incorporated it a decade ago."

It is difficult to know if more lives would have been saved. "But I have the feeling that if they had known in two minutes, it would have been very different," says Melbourne. Seth Stein, a geophysicist at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, adds that while Japan's warning system worked enough to save many lives, "many people who did not evacuate or evacuate enough did not think it would be. , It is important to have a better take, from the beginning, on how great an earthquake is. "

But not everyone thinks that GPS is the best warning system. The main complaint is that faults can cause false earthquake alarms. "For example, one tends to get peaks when satellites come on the horizon, which can generate large, spurious signals," says Hough.

Yehuda Bock, a geodetic at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif., Says the best solution is to add inexpensive seismometers to GPS stations, so the instruments can support each other.

However, Melbourne believes that GPS signal processing is already good enough to be used alone. "At some point you have to say, OK, everything seems to be working," he says. "We are developing it quickly and striving to do better, but now all the pieces are in place."