04-04-2011, 01:31 PM
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RATIO AND PROPORTION
IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
I. RATIO: The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction a/b and we write it as a:b.
In the ratio a:b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or consequent.
Ex. The ratio 5: 9 represents 5/9 with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.
Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same non-zero number does not affect the ratio.
Ex. 4: 5 = 8: 10 = 12: 15 etc. Also, 4: 6 = 2: 3.
2. PROPORTION: The equality of two ratios is called proportion.
If a: b = c: d, we write, a: b:: c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion . Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean terms.
Product of means = Product of extremes.
Thus, a: b:: c : d <=> (b x c) = (a x d).
3. (i) Fourth Proportional: If a : b = c: d, then d is called the fourth proportional
to a, b, c.
(ii) Third Proportional: If a: b = b: c, then c is called the third proportional to
a and b.
(iii) Mean Proportional: Mean proportional between a and b is square root of ab
4. (i) COMPARISON OF RATIOS:
We say that (a: b) > (c: d) <=> (a/b)>(c /d).
(ii) COMPOUNDED RATIO:
The compounded ratio of the ratios (a: b), (c: d), (e : f) is (ace: bdf)
5. (i) Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a2 : b2).
(ii) Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (√a : √b).
(iii)Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a3 : b3).
(iv) Sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a ⅓ : b ⅓ ).
(v) If (a/b)=(c/d), then ((a+b)/(a-b))=((c+d)/(c-d)) (Componendo and dividendo)
6. VARIATION:
(i) We say that x is directly proportional to y, if x = ky for some constant k and
we write, x y.
(ii) We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy = k for some constant k and
we write, x∞(1/y)
SOLVED PROBLEMS
Ex. 1. If a : b = 5 : 9 and b : c = 4: 7, find a : b : c.
Sol. a:b=5:9 and b:c=4:7= (4X9/4): (7x9/4) = 9:63/4
a:b:c = 5:9:63/4 =20:36:63.
Ex. 2. Find:
(i) the fourth proportional to 4, 9, 12;
(ii) the third proportional to 16 and 36;
iii) the mean proportional between 0.08 and 0.18.
Sol.
i) Let the fourth proportional to 4, 9, 12 be x.
Then, 4 : 9 : : 12 : x 4 x x=9x12 X=(9 x 12)/14=27;
Fourth proportional to 4, 9, 12 is 27.
(ii) Let the third proportional to 16 and 36 be x.
Then, 16 : 36 : : 36 : x 16 x x = 36 x 36 x=(36 x 36)/16 =81
Third proportional to 16 and 36 is 81.
(iii) Mean proportional between 0.08 and 0.18
0.08 x 0.18 =8/100 x 18/100= 144/(100 x 100)=12/100=0.12
Ex. 3. If x : y = 3 : 4, find (4x + 5y) : (5x - 2y).
Sol. X/Y=3/4 (4x+5y)/(5x+2y)= (4( x/y)+5)/(5 (x/y)-2) =(4(3/4)+5)/(5(3/4)-2)
=(3+5)/(7/4)=32/7
Ex. 4. Divide Rs. 672 in the ratio 5 : 3.
Sol. Sum of ratio terms = (5 + 3) = 8.
First part = Rs. (672 x (5/8)) = Rs. 420; Second part = Rs. (672 x (3/8)) = Rs. 252.
Ex. 5. Divide Rs. 1162 among A, B, C in the ratio 35 : 28 : 20.
Sol. Sum of ratio terms = (35 + 28 + 20) = 83.
A's share = Rs. (1162 x (35/83))= Rs. 490; B's share = Rs. (1162 x(28/83))= Rs. 392;
C's share = Rs. (1162 x (20/83))= Rs. 280.
RATIO AND PROPORTION
IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
I. RATIO: The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction a/b and we write it as a:b.
In the ratio a:b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or consequent.
Ex. The ratio 5: 9 represents 5/9 with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.
Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same non-zero number does not affect the ratio.
Ex. 4: 5 = 8: 10 = 12: 15 etc. Also, 4: 6 = 2: 3.
2. PROPORTION: The equality of two ratios is called proportion.
If a: b = c: d, we write, a: b:: c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion . Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean terms.
Product of means = Product of extremes.
Thus, a: b:: c : d <=> (b x c) = (a x d).
3. (i) Fourth Proportional: If a : b = c: d, then d is called the fourth proportional
to a, b, c.
(ii) Third Proportional: If a: b = b: c, then c is called the third proportional to
a and b.
(iii) Mean Proportional: Mean proportional between a and b is square root of ab
4. (i) COMPARISON OF RATIOS:
We say that (a: b) > (c: d) <=> (a/b)>(c /d).
(ii) COMPOUNDED RATIO:
The compounded ratio of the ratios (a: b), (c: d), (e : f) is (ace: bdf)
5. (i) Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a2 : b2).
(ii) Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (√a : √b).
(iii)Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a3 : b3).
(iv) Sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a ⅓ : b ⅓ ).
(v) If (a/b)=(c/d), then ((a+b)/(a-b))=((c+d)/(c-d)) (Componendo and dividendo)
6. VARIATION:
(i) We say that x is directly proportional to y, if x = ky for some constant k and
we write, x y.
(ii) We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy = k for some constant k and
we write, x∞(1/y)
SOLVED PROBLEMS
Ex. 1. If a : b = 5 : 9 and b : c = 4: 7, find a : b : c.
Sol. a:b=5:9 and b:c=4:7= (4X9/4): (7x9/4) = 9:63/4
a:b:c = 5:9:63/4 =20:36:63.
Ex. 2. Find:
(i) the fourth proportional to 4, 9, 12;
(ii) the third proportional to 16 and 36;
iii) the mean proportional between 0.08 and 0.18.
Sol.
i) Let the fourth proportional to 4, 9, 12 be x.
Then, 4 : 9 : : 12 : x 4 x x=9x12 X=(9 x 12)/14=27;
Fourth proportional to 4, 9, 12 is 27.
(ii) Let the third proportional to 16 and 36 be x.
Then, 16 : 36 : : 36 : x 16 x x = 36 x 36 x=(36 x 36)/16 =81
Third proportional to 16 and 36 is 81.
(iii) Mean proportional between 0.08 and 0.18
0.08 x 0.18 =8/100 x 18/100= 144/(100 x 100)=12/100=0.12
Ex. 3. If x : y = 3 : 4, find (4x + 5y) : (5x - 2y).
Sol. X/Y=3/4 (4x+5y)/(5x+2y)= (4( x/y)+5)/(5 (x/y)-2) =(4(3/4)+5)/(5(3/4)-2)
=(3+5)/(7/4)=32/7
Ex. 4. Divide Rs. 672 in the ratio 5 : 3.
Sol. Sum of ratio terms = (5 + 3) = 8.
First part = Rs. (672 x (5/8)) = Rs. 420; Second part = Rs. (672 x (3/8)) = Rs. 252.
Ex. 5. Divide Rs. 1162 among A, B, C in the ratio 35 : 28 : 20.
Sol. Sum of ratio terms = (35 + 28 + 20) = 83.
A's share = Rs. (1162 x (35/83))= Rs. 490; B's share = Rs. (1162 x(28/83))= Rs. 392;
C's share = Rs. (1162 x (20/83))= Rs. 280.