Student Seminar Report & Project Report With Presentation (PPT,PDF,DOC,ZIP)

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Introduction:
The Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) is a technology that permits vehicles to pay highway tolls electronically. E-Z Pass is the nation’s first toll collection system. This automation has replaced live attendants at toll stations that collect fees manually. Electronic Toll Collection is a concept that is being readily accepted globally. Some tags are designed to communicate with other kinds of roadside readers as well, making interstate and intrastate toll payments accessible. Toll agencies are interested in developing these tags and readers because they can simplify the tolling system.
Where Electronic Toll Collectors are Placed and Their Variability
The Electronic Toll Collections are used on bridges, tunnels and highways such as the New Jersey Turnpike or the Garden State Parkway. The toll collection system can be either “open” or “closed”. A closed system is where each entrance and exits have tollbooths and the toll is determined at the point of exit, such as the turnpike. Where ETC s are an open system, toll stations are located along the facility, so that a single trip may require payment at several toll stations, such as seen on the New Jersey Parkway. Each system has designated toll booths designated for ETC collections.
THREE COMPONENTS OF ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION SYSTEM
I. AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION
II. AUTOMATIC VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION
III. VIDEO ENFORCEMENT SYSTEMS
I. AUTOMATIC VEHICLE INDENTIFICATION AVI
ELECTRONIC TAGS
COMMUNICATES WITH READERS
IDENTIFIES ACCOUNT
DEDUCTS CHARGES
II. AUTOMATIC VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION AVC
 SENSOR
• VEHICLE’S CLASS
• TOTAL OCCUPANTS
• EMISSIONS
III. VIDEO ENFORCEMENT SYSTEMS VES
• VIDEO MONITORING
• RECORDS PLATE
• IDENTIFIES TOLL VIOLATORS
CLASSIFICATION BY POWER SOURCE
Active: Power to the transponder is supplied from either an internal battery or a connection to the vehicle’s power supply. The transponder is activated by an interrogation signal from the roadside communication unit, and it responds to the signal from an internal transmitter.
• Passive: The transponder does not require any internal or external power supply; the signal from the antenna is modulated and reflected to the reader.
• Semi-Active: These transponders are activated only after a signal is received from the reader, and they use an internal power to boost the return signal to the reader
The technological differences between tag types do not affect their abilities to collect travel time data; the necessary data (i.e. unique ID numbers) are transmitted from the transponders to the roadside units regardless of transponder type. Toll facilities or individual users determine the type of tag used.
ADVANTAGES
• REDUCES TRAVEL TIME
• REDUCES AUTO EMMISIONS
• REDUCES WAIT TIME AT TOLL BOOTHS
• INCREASES FUEL ECONOMY
• INCREASES HIGHWAY CAPACITY
Advantages of Electronic Toll Collection
• Makes traveling more convenient, reduces travel times
• - Saves fuel
• - Reduces auto emissions
• - Reduces wait time at toll booths
• - Save money through individual and business discounts
• - Increase highway capacity
• - Processes 250 – 300% more vehicles per lane, reducing delays and traffic congestion
DISADVANTAGES
• JOB LOSS
• THEFT
• STOLEN TAGS
• ACCOUNT TAMPERING
• FINANCIAL LOSS
• INNCORRECT READS
• FINES FOR MOTORIST
• MONETARY LOSS FOR COMPANY
Disadvantage of Electronic Toll Collection
• - There are Undetected Incorrect Reads – referring to the incorrect read of a tag that the registration hardware or software does not catch. This scenario constitutes either a “free ride” for the motorist, or an undeserved fine for failure to pay – which can be a hefty price.
• - Theft – the tags are, in essence, “electronic money” and therefore there will be motivation to steal them. Specially-designed tags that are permanently affixed to the windshield have been created to deter anyone from trying to remove it without damaging the tag.
• - A customer’s account can be subjected to hackers
• - Job loss- attendants replaced with electronic tolls
Conclusion
The Electronic Toll Collection technology concept of prepaying tolls is catching on nationally and globally. It is instituted in Florida. The ETC system is also emerging around the world such as Japan. The ETC companies are working on continuing to make ETC attractive to consumers. To date the most successful region-wide toll collection institution is the Inter-agency Group formed in 1990. They have created, installed and operated a regional ETC in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

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ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTOR:
Figure 1.1: Electronic toll
Electronic toll is an inter-operate-ability system allowing cashless payment at toll booths on national highways. It increases revenue, curbing leakages and ensuring smooth travel across the country.
The problem without Electronic toll system is that most people have to wait in the queue of slow moving vehicles of the toll booth. Other problems include delay in reaching the destination, time wasting, and cash exchange.
The main objective of E-toll project is to collect funds to finance the construction and maintenance of road network. In addition E-toll facilitates the delivery of sophisticated services based on information that the systems able to collect. The services include various things, from fleet management of private companies to directing traffic, avoiding traffic congestion or informing drivers about traffic jams and road accidents ahead of time. The E-toll system helps to avoid wasting of time. It will prove effective in tracking of stolen vehicles and cash exchange. It also avoids the delay in reaching the destination. Currently this technology is used in countries like U.S.A, Canada, Argentina, Mexico and Chile.
1.2 RFID:
Figure 1.2: RFID
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders.
An RFID tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader.
Most RFID tags contain at least two parts. One is an integrated circuit for storing and processing information modulating and demodulating (RF) signal, and other specialized functions. The second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal chip less RFID allows for discrete identification of tags without an integrated circuit, thereby allowing tags to be printed directly onto assets at a lower cost than traditional tags.
Electronic Toll Collection which is an automatic system does not require any personnel monitoring the operation. As RFID uses radio waves to communicate between the tag and the reader, the system is suitable for Electronic Toll Collection.

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