16-12-2017, 12:39 AM
16-12-2017, 09:34 AM
An integrated system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with restrictions on real-time computing. It is integrated as part of a complete device that often includes hardware and mechanical parts. Integrated systems control many devices currently in common use. Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors are manufactured as integrated system components.
Examples of properties of typical integrated computers compared to general purpose counterparts are low power consumption, small size, robust operating ranges and low cost per unit. This has the price of limited processing resources, which makes them significantly more difficult to program and interact with. However, by building intelligence mechanisms on the hardware, taking advantage of possible existing sensors and the existence of a network of integrated units, one can optimally manage the resources available in the unit and network levels, as well as provide enhanced functions, much beyond those available. For example, intelligent techniques can be designed to manage the energy consumption of integrated systems.
Modern integrated systems are often based on microcontrollers (ie CPU with integrated memory or peripheral interfaces) but ordinary microprocessors (which use external chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also common, especially in more complex systems. In any case, the processor used can be types ranging from the general purpose to the specialized in certain kind of calculations, or even custom designed for the application in question. A common standard class of dedicated processors is the digital signal processor (DSP).
Since the integrated system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase reliability and performance. Some integrated systems are mass produced and benefit from economies of scale.
Integrated systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players to large stationary installations such as traffic lights, factory controllers and largely complex systems such as hybrid vehicles, MRI and avionics. The complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted within a chassis or large box.