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In optics a prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract light. At least two of the flat surfaces must have an angle between them. The exact angles between the surfaces depend on the application. The traditional geometric shape is that of a triangular prism with a triangular base and rectangular sides, and in colloquial use "prism" generally refers to this type. Some types of optical prisms do not have the shape of geometric prisms. The prisms can be made of any material that is transparent to the wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical materials include glass, plastic and fluorite. A dispersive prism can be used to divide the light into its constituent spectral colours (the colours of the rainbow). In addition, prisms can be used to reflect light or to divide light into components with different polarisations.
The light changes speed as it moves from one medium to another (for example, from air to the crystal of the prism). This change in speed causes the light to refract and enter the new medium at a different angle (Huygens principle). The degree of curvature of the path of light depends on the angle that the incident light beam produces with the surface and the relationship between the refractive indexes of the two media (Snell's law). The refractive index of many materials (such as glass) varies with the wavelength or colour of the light used, a phenomenon known as scattering. This causes the light of different colours to be refracted differently and to leave the prism at different angles, creating an effect similar to that of the rainbow. This can be used to separate a ray of white light in its constituent colour spectrum. A similar separation occurs with iridescent materials, such as a soap bubble. Prisms will generally scatter light over a frequency bandwidth much larger than diffraction gratings, which makes them useful for broad spectrum spectroscopy. In addition, the prisms do not suffer complications derived from the superposition of spectral orders, which have all the grids.