Manual loads monitoring system


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AIM

The main scope of project is to operate the industrial loads with manual operation.

DESCRIPTION

As per the switch is operated manually the industrial loads are going to operated we are operating nearly four loads i.e., four relays. The micro controller operated under the control of software, which is stored in ROM. All the above systems are controlled by the Micro controller. In this project we are using 8 bit micro controller AT89C51. It is a 40 pin micro controller.

TRANSFORMER

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage.

Description

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4Kbytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51™ instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer. which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.

Oscillator Characteristics

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

CONCLUSION

Each line of an assembly program can contain only one control, directive, or instruction statement. Statements must be contained in exactly one line. Multi– line statements are not allowed. Statements in x51 assembly programs are not column sensitive. Controls, directives, and instructions may start in any column. Indentation used in the programs in this project is done for program clarity and is neither required nor expected by the assembler. The only exception is that arguments and instruction operands must be separated from controls, directives, and instructions by at least one space.
All x51 assembly programs must include the END directive. This directive signals to the assembler that this is the end of the assembly program. Any instructions, directives, or controls found after the END directive are ignored. The shortest valid assembly program contains only an END directive.